Compare and Contrast How the Main Protagonists Experience Being Outsiders Within Their Respective Societies.

Compare and contrast how the main protagonists experience being outsiders within their respective societies. The experience of being outsiders is explored by William Shakespeare in ‘Othello’, Emily Bronte in ‘Wuthering Heights’ and Robert Browning in his Dramatic Monologues. Shakespeare explores the theme of alienation through a character considered an outsider by the society in which he lives in. Similarly Emily Bronte explores Heathcliff and the obstacles he faces at Wuthering Heights. Browning’s Dramatic Monologues illustrate the minds of psychotic lovers who are all possessive and delusional.In all the three texts the outsiders are rejected and are to an extent responsible for their own position in the society. While some are underprivileged others deprive and almost punish themselves for not being accepted. The characters within the three texts are undoubtedly affected by their ‘otherness’ and feel ostracised by those who surround th em. In Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff is an outsider because he is never accepted as part of the Earnshaw family. He is described as a â€Å"dark-skinned gypsy† and this prevents him from being acknowledged as a foster brother to Catherine and Hindley.Mr Earnshaw was the only character Heathcliff could trust, however Hindley began to terrorise and mistreat him which made him feel unwanted. He labelled him as a â€Å"beggarly interloper! † and an â€Å"imp of Satan†. However, the most eccentric aspect of Heathcliff’s character is his name. He is referred to as simply ‘Heathcliff’ and does not carry the Earnshaw’s last name, as he is not blood related. Furthermore the name Heathcliff is a name of a deceased son of Mr Earnshaw, therefore Heathcliff is seen as an inferior character who is deprived of a sense of identity.Similarly in Shakespeare’s ‘Othello’ the protagonist is a black military man, but unlike Heathcliff he is considered to be a noble and respectful soldier amongst the Venetian people. Othello seems to be proud of his heritage and his achievements and although he is a foreigner, he is seen as a useful character that can bring success to the city of Venice. From the beginning of the play he is referred to as a â€Å"moor† and â€Å"thick lips† by both Iago and Roderigo. This may suggest that Iago and Roderigo are simply jealous that an outsider can receive so much recognition from their own people.Both Othello and Heathcliff are labelled for their differences by characters that see no place for them in the community. Othello’s vocation is not the only aspect of his life that is envied by characters; his marriage to Desdemona evidently causes problems with her father, Brabantio, but also fuels Iago’s jealousy and hate. Brabantio accuses Othello of â€Å"enchanting† his daughter and using witchcraft to lead her astray as she would not have loved him vol untarily. It seems contradictory to allow Othello to fight the city’s sieges, but oppose his marriage to a Venetian woman.Othello’s marriage to Desdemona grants him a theoretical citizenship, where he would have to be recognised as a Venetian. Othello is a powerful figure within the society and it is patent that he favours it above any nation. In spite of this, Brabantio, and Iago in particular, feel that this is an invasion of their country. His ‘otherness’ impedes him from being an equal and although he is seen as a virtuous military leader, society would not accept his relationship with Desdemona.Likewise Heathcliff’s relationship with Catherine cannot be accepted by society, but unlike Othello, Heathcliff is not a respected or useful member of society thus society cannot tolerate someone they won’t benefit from. Robert Browning’s Dramatic Monologues illustrate the minds of characters that become psychotic and aim to possess their l overs. ‘My Last Duchess’ presents a manipulative and heartless Duke, who is completely made redundant by his wife. Browning presents the Duke as a character who lacks remorse and whose jealous nature introduce us to dark and sinister qualities.He portrays his character as naive and ignorant even after the death of his wife. Browning’s choice of not allowing the Duke to blame himself for his failed marriage and realising that he is an outsider builds on the image of a psychotic character that will not rehabilitate any time soon. Heathcliff similarly does not accept that he is in the wrong. â€Å"I do hate him- I am wretched –I have been a fool! † Isabella realises the extent to which her naivety has played a role in Heathcliff’s evil intention. Heathcliff on the other hand his not regretful for the way he used Isabella as a means to an end and his plan to terrorise Hindley and Edgar.The Duke has not realised how his actions had an impact on hi s wife, not mentioning that he himself killed her. He is not sorry for the way he behaved but Isabella on the other hand has realised her wrong doing and is at this point regretful. Both Heathcliff and the Duke continue to live life on the outside and have not taken the opportunity of renewing themselves to be accepted. The Duchess rejected the Duke by disregarding the expensive gifts he brought for her. Heathcliff too is rejected by Catherine and later by Isabella. â€Å"How very black and cross you look!And how- how funny and grim! But that’s because I’m used to Edgar and Isabella Linton†. Catherine has begun to distance herself from Heathcliff because she’s realised that there would be a possibility of the two living as â€Å"beggars†, while life with Edgar will â€Å"aid Heathcliff to rise†. He therefore no longer had someone on the same wavelength as him. This ulterior motive Catherine had, which she believed would reward both her and H eathcliff, demonstrates Catherine’s naivety to the social structure of the Victorian era and the limitations set by society.The narrator in ‘The Last Ride Together’ is also rejected by his mistress but in contrast his acceptance of this makes him dissimilar to the Duke and Heathcliff. In this poem Browning portrays human success and the limitations people face. Although the lover’s life has been â€Å"meant for fails†, he has accepted his fate with his mistress and so accepts his failure of not being able to get her as part of his success. Othello on the other hand has major success in â€Å"wooing† Desdemona which could suggest that the rejection and success these characters receive could reflect the extent to which they are seen as outsiders.Porphyria’s lover is depicted as an outsider like the Duke but the narrator in this poem is far more psychotic. Browning’s use of language indicates that Porphyria is from a higher class t han her lover â€Å"gay feast†, â€Å"dripping cloak and shawl†, â€Å"soiled gloves† paints an image of a wealthy and independent woman. There is a clear issue of class and wealth in both of these Browning poems and it seems to be the root of the problems faced by the lovers. In ‘Wuthering Heights’ money and power is also a major issue which causes the unfortunate events endured by the protagonist.When Heathcliff returns to the Heights as a gentleman â€Å"in dress and aspect† rather than a â€Å"scavenger†, there is a rise in his wealth and power. Although he abuses his new status to fulfil is evil intention, he has conformed and it now appears that he is compliant. Unlike Heathcliff, Porphyria’s lover doesn’t conform so that he feels up to par to Porphyria, instead his jealousy of her escalates into murder. Wealth and class are important issues to address when considering the position of an outsider. Othello’s o therness is overlooked because his power and status dictates his class and wealth and his overall reputation.On the other hand the Duke believed that his wealth was enough for his wife. His psychopathic nature separated him from the Duchess, restricting her liberty and autonomy. The Duchess’ position as a substandard wife could have threatened the Duke’s role as her husband and made her a liability to his wealth and reputation. In comparison, Heathcliff is also a threat and his ‘otherness’ makes him, not only an outcast but a menace to the established system. Edgar Linton dislikes the fact that Heathcliff is interfering with the already constructed and workable social constitution by behaving in a way that suits him.Edgar Linton’s reaction to Catherine â€Å"welcoming a runaway servant as a brother† proves that his presence can cause conflict within the family unit as well as the community. â€Å"I shall be as dirty as I please: and I like t o be dirty, and I will be dirty†. Bronte uses particular language to display a noncompliant and inflexible character whose principles dominate his logic. The semi colon and comma suggests that Heathcliff is trying to convince both Catherine and himself that his decision to remain an outsider is the right choice. Desdemona is equally a threat to Othello as she is able to tarnish his reputation which defines him as a man.Iago has made Othello believe this but it is in fact Iago who feels threatened by Othello’s success and achievements. Iago may not want to rise in social superiority but seeing someone being regarded as an honourable character makes him resentful. ‘The Laboratory’ describes a psychotic and revengeful female character whose husband favoured â€Å"Pauline† and â€Å"Elise†, other women besides her. Browning uses religious references to create an image of the narrator before she became a deranged outsider. â€Å"Empty church, to p ray God in†, the narrator has lost her faith in Christianity and her plan to kill proves this.Killing goes against one of the Ten Commandments, ‘Thou shall not kill’. No proper Christian will contemplate murder knowing that it is against their religion. This could suggest that the narrator has lost her faith in God after losing out on love. Christianity also says ‘Thou shall not commit adultery’ and her ex lover broke this commandment. The narrator here is irrational as she is trying to make two wrongs a right because despite her ex lover committing adultery her plan to kill will not make things right. Shakespeare’s use of imagery draws attention to the division between black and white or good and bad between Othello and Desdemona.When Othello’s views begin to resemble Iago’s, he becomes cynical about women and relationships. His race becomes more of a problem and Desdemona is referred to as â€Å"that cunning whore of Veniceâ₠¬  instead of a â€Å"fine/fair woman†. â€Å"Her name that was fresh is now begrimed and black as mine own face†, Desdemona is now seen by Othello as an outsider as much as he is seen as an outsider by Iago. He views himself and Desdemona negatively due to his presumption of her infidelity. Desdemona’s actions have reflected on Othello and this has made him almost blames himself for being an outsider and particularly for being black.Iago convinced Othello that Desdemona would want somebody more like herself, white, middle class and defiantly someone who can be acknowledged by her father as an appropriate suitor. It could be said that he views himself and Desdemona negatively because he doesn’t fit the requirements Iago created and made him believe. The narrator in ‘The Laboratory’ however does not perceive herself in a negative way. â€Å"I am here† she thinks she has outsmarted her ex lover and his mistress but has failed to realise that she is an outsider and her actions are those of an immensely psychotic and jealous person.This has made her see her ex lover’s relationship with his mistress as negative instead of understanding that she will soon be in the wrong too. Porphyria’s lover is similarly in denial as he has convinced himself that his actions can be justified. â€Å"No pain felt she† this quote shows that the lover is adamant his actions have not caused any problems. â€Å"I am quite sure she felt no pain†, here he tries to manipulate himself into thinking his actions were correct by eliminating any doubts in his mind. Iago greatly benefits from this tactic by using it on Othello but Porphyria’s lover is trying to control himself and his mind.He has an inability to differentiate right from wrong as well as not being able to distinguish his fantasy from reality. Browning presents this as the beginning of the poem by using pathetic fallacy and personification to descr ibe his jealous and irrational character,â€Å"tore the elm-tops down for spite†. Browing’s use of verbs such as â€Å"awake’ and â€Å"vex† compares human qualities to that of nature, the wind destroys the ‘elm-tops’ but Porphyria’s lover goes further than this and commits murder. The setting is personified to reflect the lover’s characteristics and so the coming events are somewhat foreshadowed.To conclude, the main characters in all the three texts experience alienation within their respective societies. While for some it is due to their psychological impairments others do not quite fit in the social establishment. They are expected to keep within their boundaries as they may cause disturbances to the community. It can be suggested that the outsider’s own morals and values are being pushed aside which may force them to conform. Bibliography Spark notes York notes advance: Othello and Wuthering Heights www. elitenotes. com Work count: 2,176

Srk N His Life

Shahrukh Khan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search â€Å"Shahrukh† redirects here. For the Timurid dynasty ruler, see Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty). This article is semi-protected to prevent libelous additions. Shahrukh Khan Born 2 November 1965 (1965-11-02) (age 44) New Delhi, India Other name(s) Shah Rukh Khan, King Khan, SRK, King of Bollywood[1] Occupation Actor, producer, television presenter Years active 1988–present Spouse(s) Gauri Khan (1991–present) Shahrukh Khan (Hindi: , Urdu: ; born 2 November 1965), sometimes credited as Shah Rukh Khan, is an Indian actor and a prominent Bollywood figure, as well as a film producer and television host. Khan began his career appearing in several television serials in the late 1980s. He made his film debut in Deewana (1992). Since then, he has been part of numerous commercially successful films and has earned critical acclaim for many of his performances. Khan has won thirteen Filmfare A wards for his work in Indian films, seven of which are in the Best Actor category. Khan's films such as Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge (1995), Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998), Chak De India (2007), Om Shanti Om (2007) and Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi (2008) remain some of Bollywood's biggest hits, while films like Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham (2001), Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003), Veer-Zaara (2004) and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006) have been top-grossing Indian productions in the overseas markets, making him one of the most successful actors of India. [2] Since 2000, Khan branched out into film production and television presenting as well. He is the founder/owner of two production companies, Dreamz Unlimited and Red Chillies Entertainment. In 2008, Newsweek named him one of the 50 most powerful people in the world. [3] Contents [hide] * 1 Biography * 2 Film career o 2. 1 Background o 2. 2 1990s o 2. 3 2000s * 3 Producer * 4 Television host * 5 Awards and nominations * 6 Filmography o 6. 1 Actor o 6. 2 Producer o 6. 3 Playback singer o 6. 4 Stunts director o 6. 5 Television appearances * 7 See also * 8 Bibliography * 9 Notes * 10 External links Biography Shahrukh Khan and family Khan was born in 1965 to Muslim parents of Pathan descent in New Delhi, India. [4] His father, Taj Mohammed Khan, was an Indian independence activist from Peshawar, British India. According to Khan, his paternal grandfather was originally from Afghanistan. [5] His mother, Lateef Fatima, was the adopted daughter of Major General Shah Nawaz Khan of the Janjua Rajput clan, who served as a General in the Indian National Army of Subash Chandra Bose. [6] Khan's father came to New Delhi from Qissa Khawani Bazaar in Peshawar before the partition of India,[7] while his mother's family came from Rawalpindi, British India. [8] Khan has an elder sister named Shehnaz. [9] Growing up in Rajendra Nagar neighbourhood,[10] Khan attended St. Columba's School where he was accomplished in sports, drama, and academics. He won the Sword of Honour, an annual award given to the student who best represents the spirit of the school. Khan later attended the Hansraj College (1985–1988) and earned his Bachelors degree in Economics (honors). Though he pursued a Masters Degree in Mass Communications at Jamia Millia Islamia, he later opted out to make his career in Bollywood. [11] After the death of his parents, Khan moved to Mumbai in 1991. [12] In that same year, before any of his films were released, he married Gauri Chibber, a Hindu, in a traditional Hindu wedding ceremony on 25 October 1991. 13] They have two children, son Aryan (b. 1997) and daughter Suhana (b. 2000). According to Khan, while he strongly believes in Allah, he also values his wife's religion. At home, his children follow both religions, with the Qur'an being situated next to the Hindu gods. [14] In 2005, Nasreen Munni Kabir produced a two-part documentary on Khan, titled The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan. Featuring his 2 004 Temptations concert tour, the film contrasted Khan's inner world of family and daily life with the outer world of his work. The book Still Reading Khan, which details his family life, was released in 2006. Another book by Anupama Chopra, â€Å"King of Bollywood: Shahrukh Khan and the seductive world of Indian cinema†, was released in 2007. This book described the world of Bollywood through Khan's life. [15][16] Khan has been awarded several honours which includes the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian award from the Government of India in 2005. In April 2007, a life-size wax statue of Khan was installed at the Madame Tussauds Wax Museum, London. Another statue was installed at the Musee Grevin in Paris, the same year. 17] During the same year, he was accorded the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Order of the Arts and Literature) award by the French government for his â€Å"exceptional career†. [18] In October 2008, Khan was conferred the Darjah Mulia Seri Melaka which carries the honorific Datuk (in similar fashion to â€Å"Sir† in British knighthood), by the Yang di-Pertua Neg eri Tun Mohd Khalil Yaakob, the head of state of Malacca in Malaysia. Khan was honoured for â€Å"promoting tourism in Malacca† by filming One Two Ka Four there in 2001. Some were critical of this decision. 19] He was also honoured with an honorary doctorate in arts and culture from Britain's University of Bedfordshire in 2009. [20] Film career Background Khan studied acting under celebrated Theatre Director Barry John at Delhi's Theatre Action Group (TAG). In 2007, John commented thus on his former pupil that, â€Å"The credit for the phenomenally successful development and management of Shahrukh's career goes to the superstar himself. â€Å"[21] Khan made his acting debut in 1988 when he appeared in the television series, Fauji, playing the role of Commando Abhimanyu Rai. 22] He went on to appear in several other television serials, most notably in the 1989 serial, Aziz Mirza's Circus, which depicted the life of circus performers. [23] The same year, Khan also had a minor role in the made-for-television English-language film, In Which Annie Gives it Those Ones, which was based on life at Delhi University and was written by Arundhati Roy. 1990s Upon moving from New Delhi to Mumbai in 1991,[24] Khan made his Bollywood movie debut in Deewana (1992). The movie became a box office hit, and launched his career in Bollywood. [25] His performance won him a Filmfare Best Male Debut Award. He went on to star in Maya Memsaab, which generated some controversy because of his appearance in an â€Å"explicit† sex scene in the movie. [26] In 1993, Khan won acclaim for his performances in villainous roles as an obsessive lover and a murderer, respectively, in the box office hits, Darr and Baazigar. [27] Darr marked his first collaboration with renowned film-maker Yash Chopra and his banner Yash Raj Films, the largest production company in Bollywood. Baazigar, which saw Khan portraying an ambiguous avenger who murders his girlfriend, shocked its Indian audience with an unexpected violation of the standard Bollywood formula. 28] His performance won him his first Filmfare Best Actor Award. In that same year, Khan played the role of a young musician in Kundan Shah's Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa, a performance that earned him a Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance. Khan maintains that this is his all-time favourite among the movies he has acted in. [29] In 1994, Khan once ag ain played an obsessive lover/psycho's role in Anjaam, co-starring alongside Madhuri Dixit. Though the movie was not a box office success, Khan's performance earned him the Filmfare Best Villain Award. [30] In 1995, Khan starred in Aditya Chopra's directorial debut Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, a major critical and commercial success, for which he won his second Filmfare Best Actor Award. [31] In 2007, the film entered its twelfth year in Mumbai theaters. By then the movie had grossed over 12 billion rupees, making it as one of India's biggest movie blockbusters. [32] Earlier in the same year he found success in Rakesh Roshan's Karan Arjun which became the second biggest hit of the year. 1996 was a disappointing year for Khan as all his movies released that year failed to do well at the box office. 33] This was, however, followed by a comeback in 1997. He saw success with Subhash Ghai's social drama Pardes — one of the biggest hits of the year — and Aziz Mirza's comedy Yes Boss, a moderately successful feature. [34] His second project with Yash Chopra as a director, Dil to Pagal Hai became that year's second highest-grossing movie, and he won his third Filmfare Best Actor A ward for his role as a stage director who falls in love with one of his new actresses. [34] In 1998, Khan starred in Karan Johar's directorial debut, Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, which was the biggest hit of the year. 35] His performance won him his fourth Best Actor award at the Filmfare. He won critical praise for his performance in Mani Ratnam's Dil Se. The movie did not do well at the Indian box office, though it was a commercial success overseas. [36] Khan's only release in 1999, Baadshah, was an average grosser. [37] 2000s Khan's success continued with Aditya Chopra's 2000 film, Mohabbatein, co-starring Amitabh Bachchan. It did well at the box office, and Khan's performance as a college teacher won him his second Critics Award for Best Performance. He also starred in Mansoor Khan's action film Josh. The film starred Khan as the leader of a Christian gang in Goa and Aishwarya Rai as his twin sister, and was also a box office success. [38] In that same year, Khan set up his own production house, Dreamz Unlimited with Juhi Chawla (see below). Both Khan and Chawla starred in the first movie of their production house, Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani. [38] His work with Karan Johar continued as he collaborated on the family drama Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham which was the second biggest hit of the year. He also received favorable reviews for his performance as Emperor Asoka in the historical epic, Asoka, a partly fictionalised account of the life of Ashoka the Great (304 BC–232 BC). [39] In 2002, Khan received acclaim for playing the title role in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's award-winning period romance, Devdas. It was the third Hindi movie adaptation of Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay's well-known novel of the same name, and surfaced as one of the biggest hits of that year. [40] Khan also starred opposite Salman Khan and Madhuri Dixit in the family-drama Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam, which did well at the box office. 40] In 2003, Khan starred in the moderately successful romantic drama, Chalte Chalte. [41] That same year, he starred in the tearjerker, Kal Ho Naa Ho, written by Karan Johar and directed by Nikhil Advani. Khan's performance in this movie as a man with a fatal heart disease was appreciated. The movie proved to be one of the year's biggest hits in India and Bollywood's bigges t hit in the overseas markets. [41] 2004 was a particularly good year for Khan, both commercially and critically. He starred in Farah Khan's directorial debut, the comedy Main Hoon Na. The movie did well at the box office. He then played the role of an Indian officer, Veer Pratap Singh in Yash Chopra's love saga Veer-Zaara, which was the biggest hit of 2004 in both India and overseas. [42] The film relates the love story of Veer and Pakistani woman Zaara Haayat Khan, played by Preity Zinta. Khan's performance in the film won him awards at several award ceremonies. In that same year, he received critical acclaim for his performance in Ashutosh Gowariker's drama Swades. He was nominated for the Filmfare Best Actor Award for all three of his releases in 2004, winning it for Swades. [42] In 2006, Khan collaborated with Karan Johar for the fourth time with the melodrama movie Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna. It did well in India and much more so in the overseas market, becoming the biggest Bollywood hit in the overseas market of all-time. [43] His second release that year saw him playing the title role in the action film Don, a remake of the 1978 hit Don. The movie was a success. [43] Khan's success continued with a few more highly popular films. One of his most successful works was the multiple award-winning 2007 film, Chak De India, about the Indian women's national hockey team. Earning over Rs 639 million, Chak De India became the third highest grossing movie of 2007 in India and won yet another Filmfare Best Actor Award for Khan. [44] The film was a major critical success. [45] In the same year Khan also starred in Farah Khan's 2007 film, Om Shanti Om. The film emerged as the year's highest grossing film in India and the overseas market, and became India's highest grossing production ever up to that point. [44] It earned him another nomination for Best Actor at the Filmfare ceremony. Khan's more recent films include the 2008 release, Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi which was a huge box office success, and Billu. Khan's next film, My Name Is Khan, is due for release on 12 February 2010. While on one shoot in Los Angeles, along with his wife Gauri and director Karan Johar, he took a break from filming to attend the 66th Golden Globe Awards, held in Los Angeles, California, on 11 January 2009. [46][47] Khan introduced Slumdog Millionaire along with a star from the film, Freida Pinto. [48][49] Producer Khan turned producer when he set up a production company called Dreamz Unlimited with Juhi Chawla and director Aziz Mirza in 1999. The first two of the films he produced and starred in: Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani (2000) and Asoka (2001) were box office failures. [39] However, his third film as a producer and star, Chalte Chalte (2003), proved a box office hit. [41] In 2004, Khan set up another production company, Red Chillies Entertainment, and produced and starred in Main Hoon Na, another hit. [42] The following year, he produced and starred in the fantasy film Paheli, which did poorly. [50] It was, however, India's official entry to the Academy Awards for consideration for Best Foreign Language Film, but it did not pass the final selection. Also in 2005, Khan co-produced the supernatural horror film Kaal with Karan Johar, and performed an item number for the film with Malaika Arora Khan. Kaal was moderately successful at the box office. [50] His company has gone on to produce Om Shanti Om (2007), in which he starred, and Billu (2009), in which he played a supporting role as a Bollywood superstar. Apart from film production, the company also has a visual effects studio known as Red Chillies VFX. It has also ventured into television content production, with shows like, The First Ladies, Ghar Ki Baat Hai', and Knights and Angels. Television advertisements are also produced by the company. [51] In 2008, Red Chillies Entertainment became the owner of the Kolkata Knight Riders in the BCCI-backed IPL cricket competition. Television host In 2007, Khan replaced Amitabh Bachchan as the host of the third series of the popular game show Kaun Banega Crorepati, the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. [52] The previous had hosted the show for five years from 2000–05. On 22 January 2007, Kaun Banega Crorepati aired with Khan as the new host[53] and later ended on 19 April 2007. [54] On 25 April 2008, Khan began hosting the game show Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain? , the Indian version of Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? ,[55] whose last episode was telecasted on 27 July 2008, with Lalu Prasad Yadav as the special guest. [56] Awards and nominations Main article: List of Shahrukh Khan's awards and nominations Filmography Actor Year Title Role Notes 1992 Deewana Raja Sahai Winner, Filmfare Best Male Debut Award Idiot Pawan Raghujan Chamatkar Sunder Srivastava Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman Raju (Raj Mathur) Dil Aashna Hai Karan 1993 Maya Memsaab Lalit Kumar King Uncle Anil Bhansal Baazigar Ajay Sharma/Vicky Malhotra Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award Darr Rahul Mehra Nominated, Filmfare Best Villain Award Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa Sunil Winner, Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award 1994 Anjaam Vijay Agnihotri Winner, Filmfare Best Villain Award 1995 Karan Arjun Arjun Singh/Vijay Zamana Deewana Rahul Malhotra Guddu Guddu Bahadur Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India Hero Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge Raj Malhotra Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award Ram Jaane Ram Jaane Trimurti Romi Singh 1996 English Babu Desi Mem Vikram/Hari/Gopal Mayur Chaahat Roop Rathore Army Arjun Special appearance Dushman Duniya Ka Badru 1997 Gudgudee Special appearance Koyla Shankar Yes Boss Rahul Joshi Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award Pardes Arjun Saagar Dil To Pagal Hai Rahul Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award 1998 Duplicate Bablu Chaudhry/Manu Dada Nominated, Filmfare Best Villain Award Achanak Himself Special appearance Dil Se Amarkant Varma Kuch Kuch Hota Hai Rahul Khanna Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award 1999 Baadshah Raj Heera/Baadshah Nominated, Filmfare Best Comedian Award 2000 Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani Ajay Bakshi Hey Ram Amjad Ali Khan Josh Max Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega Rahul Special appearance Mohabbatein Raj Aryan Malhotra Winner, Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award Gaja Gamini Himself Special appearance 2001 One 2 Ka 4 Arun Verma Asoka Asoka Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham Rahul Raichand Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award 2002 Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam Gopal Devdas Devdas Mukherjee Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award Shakti: The Power Jaisingh Special appearance Saathiya Yeshwant Rao Cameo 2003 Chalte Chalte Raj Mathur Kal Ho Naa Ho Aman Mathur Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award 2004 Yeh Lamhe Judaai Ke Dushant Main Hoon Na Maj. Ram Prasad Sharma Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award Veer-Zaara Veer Pratap Singh Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award Swades Mohan Bhargava Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award 2005 Kuch Meetha Ho Jaaye Himself Special appearance Kaal Special appearance in song Kaal Dhamaal Silsiilay Sutradhar Special appearance in song Jab Jab Dil Mile Paheli Kishenlal/The Ghost The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan Himself (Biopic) Documentary directed by British-based author and director Nasreen Munni Kabir 2006 Alag Special appearance in song Sabse Alag Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna Dev Saran Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award Don – The Chase Begins Again Vijay/Don Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award Nominated, Asian Film Award for Best Actor I See You Special appearance in song Subah Subah 2007 Chak De India Kabir Khan Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award Heyy Babyy Raj Malhotra Special appearance in song Mast Kalandar Om Shanti Om Om Prakash Makhija/Om Kapoor Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award 2008 Krazzy 4 Special appearance in song Break Free Bhoothnath Aditya Sharma Special appearance Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi Surinder Sahni/Raj Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award 009 Luck by Chance Himself Special appearance Billu Sahir Khan Aao Wish Karein Narrator [57] 2010 Dulha Mil Gaya Released on 8 January 2010 My Name Is Khan Rizwan Khan Releasing on 12 February 2010 Ra. 1 Koochie Koochie Hota Hain Rocky Filming Producer * Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani (2000) * Asoka (2001) * Chalte Chalte (2003) * Main Hoon Na (2004) * Kaal (2005) * Paheli (2005) * Om Shanti Om (2007) * Billu (2009) Playback singer * Main to hoon Pagal – Baadshah (1999) * Apun Bola – Josh (2000) * Khaike Paan Banaraswala – Don – The Chase Begins Again (2006) * Ek Hockey Doongi Rakhke – Chak De India (2007) Sattar Minute – Chak De India (2007) Stunts director * Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998) * Main Hoon Na (2004) * Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006) * Chak De India (2007) * Om Shanti Om (2007) Television appearances * Dil Dariya (1988) * Fauji (1988) †¦ Abhimanyu Rai * Doosra Keval (1989) * Circus (1989) * In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones (1989) * Idiot (1991) †¦ Pawan Raghujan * Kareena Kareena (2004) †¦ Special appearance * Rendezvous with Simi Garewal†¦.. Guest * Koffee with Karan (2004–2007) †¦ Guest (3 episodes) * Kaun Banega Crorepati (2007) †¦ Host * Jjhoom India (2007) †¦ Guest * Nach Baliye (2008) †¦. Guest * Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain? (2008) †¦. Host * Oye! It's Friday! (2009) †¦ Guest * Tere Mere Beach Mein (2009) †¦ Guest See also * List of Indian Actors * Newark Airport Incident Bibliography * Nasreen Munni Kabir. The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan (Documentary, 2005). * Shahrukh Khan – Still Reading Khan. A1Books Distributor 2007. ISBN 9788187107798. * Gahlot, Deepa; Agarwal, Amit. King Khan SRK. Augsburg Weltbild 2007. ISBN 9783828988699. * Ghosh, Biswadeep. Hall of fame: Shahrukh Khan (in English). Mumbai: Magna Books, 2004. ISBN 8178092379. * Chopra, Anupama. King of Bollywood : Shah Rukh Khan and the seductive world of Indian cinema (English). New York: Warner Books, 2007. ISBN 9780446578585. Notes 1. ^ â€Å"Indian cinema doing well because of cultural ethos: Shah Rukh Khan†. The Hindu. 17 June 2007. http://www. hindu. com/thehindu/holnus/009200706171961. htm. Retrieved 2009-08-16. 2. ^ Kumar, Anuj (11 November 2004). â€Å"Bollywood bonanza†. The Hindu. http://www. hindu. com/mp/2004/11/11/stories/2004111101010300. htm. Retrieved 2009-08-16. Kamath, Sudhish (7 December 2007). Being SRK†. The Hindu. http://www. hindu. com/cp/2007/12/07/stories/2007120750010100. htm. Retrieved 16 August 2009. 3. ^ â€Å"The Global Elite – 41: Shahrukh Khan†. Newsweek. 20 December 2008. http://www. newsweek. com/id/176325. Retrieved 24 December 2008. 4. ^ â€Å"The Rediff Interview / Shah Rukh Khan†. Rediff. http://www. rediff. com/movies/2007/mar/16srk . htm. Retrieved 5 July 2006. 5. ^ 2009 interview with an Afghan movie director on Afghan TV channel, Shahrukh Khan states that his father's father (grandfather) is from Afghanistan. 6. ^ â€Å"Badshah at durbar and dinner†. elegraphindia. com. http://www. telegraphindia. com/1040531/asp/frontpage/story_3313328. asp. Retrieved 12 March 2007. 7. ^ â€Å"Rediff News Gallery: The Shahrukh Connection†. http://specials. rediff. com/news/2004/may/31sl02. htm. 8. ^ A Hundred Horizons by Sugata Bose, 2006 USA, p136 9. ^ â€Å"Shahrukh Khan – Journey†. http://movies. indiatimes. com/cms. dll/articleshow? artid=177008&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1. 10. ^ SRK to run for Delhi TNN, The Times of India, 30 September 2009. â€Å"I was born here, in Talwar Nursing Home. I lived here for more than two decades in Rajinder Nagar† 11. IndiaFM News Bureau (2 November 2006). â€Å"Facts you never knew about SRK†. indiaFM. http://www. indiafm. com/features/2006/11/02 /1777. Retrieved 26 July 2008. 12. ^ â€Å"Shah Rukh Khan turns 42†. zeenews. com. http://www. zeenews. com/znnew/articles. asp? aid=404915&sid=ZNS&sname=exclusive-news. Retrieved 2 November 2007. 13. ^ Siddiqui, Rana (17 November 2006). â€Å"Much ado about King Khan†. The Hindu. http://www. hinduonnet. com/thehindu/fr/2006/11/17/stories/2006111701130100. htm. Retrieved 9 February 2008. 14. ^ Zubair Ahmed (23 September 2005). â€Å"Who's the real Shah Rukh Khan? â€Å". BBC News – BBC.

English Distincive Voice Essay

Distinctive voices are used create meaning and change which explores aspects of human experiences. The texts examined are Severn Cullis Suzuki, 9th Earl Spencers Eulogy for Princess Diana and Pink, Dear Mr President. The voices in these text include and environmental activist, voice of the innocent, grieving brother, everyman, lobbyist and remonstrator. All these voices have the ability to change societies view on an issue. The composers of these texts have had human experiences of grief, concern of the environment and concern for social equality. The distinctive voice of an environmental activist, innocence and remonstrator is expressed in Severn Cullis Suzuki Earth Summit. These voices portray the human experiences of having a concern of the environment, being part of a lobby group and seeing the destruction of the earth and wanted an end to poverty. Introduction and purpose, ‘I’m Servern Cullis speaking for ECO- The Environmental Children’s Organisation’ shows the distinctive voice of an activist exploring Suzuki’s human experience as the founder of ECO. Comparison, ‘In Canada, we live the privileged life†¦ Two days ago here in Brazil, we were shocked when we spent time with kids living on the streets’, clearly shows the difference between countries and seeing this, Suzuki has developed the voice of innocence exploring the human experience of Suzuki wanting a world without poverty. The voice of a remonstrator is developed, through the pleading tone, ‘If you don’t know how to fix it, please stop breaking it! ’. Severn Cullis blames the adults for this destruction of the earth that she has experienced. She wants the adults to change their ways. This remonstrating voice explores the human experience of being a part of a lobby. Exclusive language gives the adults a goal through the use of the cliche, ‘I challenge you please make your actions reflect your words’, which demands the adults to change their ways portraying the remonstrator. The voices throughout this text effectively represent the human experiences, demanding the audience to change their actions towards the environment for which Suzuki has seen the destruction of. Similarly, the voice of the remonstrator is evident in 9th Earl Spencer, Eulogy for Princess Diana. Both texts have the voice of a remonstrator as they plea to an issue both composers have experienced. The voice of a grieving brother, everyman and remonstrator explores aspects of human experiences for 9th Earl Spencer. These voices explore the human experience of grief. The voice of a grieving brother is portrayed through the use of emotive language, ‘I stand before you today, the representative of a family in grief’, showing the human experience of Earl Spencer as the young brother of Princess Diana. Earl Spencer, acknowledges the great life of Princess Diana which creates a sense of sadness for the audience as they listen in silence, through the allusion, metaphor and allusion, ‘ Today is our chance to say ‘thank you’ for the way your brightened our lives, even though God granted you but a half a life’. The voice of an everyman speaks for the entire world. Inclusive language and metaphor, ‘We are all chewed up with sadness at loss of a woman who wasn’t even our mother’, shows the importance of Princess Diana, that the whole world is deeply saddened by her death. This explores the aspect of a human experience, of the entire world that are in grief and shock after Diana’s death. The voice of a remonstrator explores the human experience of Princess Diana being chased by the media. Earl Spencer speaks of the media as being the cause if her death. ‘She never understood why her genuinely good intentions were sneered at by the media’, creates the voice of the remonstrator which explores Earls experience of Diana and how she felt towards the media. The voice of the remonstrator is also conveyed in Severn Cullis Suzuki’s speech which demand a change and creates emotion. The voice of citizen, the voice of society and remonstrator explore aspects of human experiences in Dear President. These voices which are present in the song represent human experience of seeing the president not doing his job and the rights of people being taken away. ‘Rebuilding your house after the bombs took them away’, creates imagery of the bombs and house expressing the voice of a citizen that effectively explores the human experience of a concerned citizen as Pink see’s the struggle that American citizens endured in their life. The American citizen voice effectively represents the human experiences, as the responder is able to emphasize on societies hardships that Pink has seen. ‘What do you feel when you see all the homeless on the street? ’, creates the voice of society through rhetorical question and imagery, portraying the negative human experience of Pink, as she has seen many citizens living on the streets. Pink questions the president which emotively appeals to the audience as they reflect on the President’s job. Formal register, ‘Come take a walk with me’ is an invitation for the president to listen to Pink’s opinions creating the oice of a remonstrator. ‘Let’s pretend were just two people and you’re not better than me’, shows the human experience of Pink and how she feels inequality as the President sees himself as better than society. Pink pleads her opinions to the President through rhetorical questions creating a remonstrating voice. This voice asks the audience to consider the President and what he has done. Dear Mr President, Severn Cullis Suzuki Earth Summit and 9th Earl Spencer Eulogy for Princess Diana have the voice of a remonstrator, which appeals to the audience emotively as it changes their view on an issue. These texts reveal the human experiences of grief, concern of the environment and concern for society through the voices of an environmental activist, the innocent, grieving brother, everyman, citizen, society and remonstrator. The composers have effectively used language to create distinctive voices including emotive language which explores human experiences of the composer and creates meaning for the responder. Distinctive voices are important in representing human experiences as the voice has the ability to demand change and a view on an issue.

Inferential Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Inferential Statistics - Essay Example The study aimed at establishing whether the Federal workers’ compensation cases referred to Navy physicians for medical opinions in any way had an influence on the final decision made by the Department of Labor’s Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs (OWCPs) (p.18). Some independent variables were claimant’s age and categories of the case (p.19). The dependent variable was â€Å"decision outcomes†. The study tested whether decision outcome in the compensation cases was dependent on the physician’s review report. The researchers used a descriptive epidemiological study to select the 325 worker’s compensation cases from the navy injury compensation programme administrators. The cases were sampled from all over the United States between 2006 and 2010. The filed selected cases were treated as participants in this study, although the owners were not directly interviewed. The particular bias inherent in the study was that the cases tested were the ones which the ICPAs analysed as unusual, and thus needed a support from a physician. If this was the case, the physicians would have rejected most of the cases, which did not require a physician to strengthen the claim (p.19). However, the researchers were alarmed by the fact that physicians recommended in favour of the claimant in most of the referred cases. Since the review was found to influence decision, the whole process might have had a degree of bias. In the study, the researchers used retrospective case study and descriptive analysis of the 258 physician opinion letters written between 2006 and 2010. They used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test the significance of the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. One ethical concern is the disclosure of the medical records of the claimants without their consent. Given that they were not requested when their information was being tracked, neither were their physicians, this can

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 17

Marketing - Essay Example Founded in 1977, the company is one of the leading businesses in UK to provide hire business. This company offers products which are business to business in nature. â€Å"The Group was traditionally focused on tool hire, but now also has complementary businesses specializing in portable accommodation, lifting, surveying, compressed air systems, pumping and power generation equipment.†(Speedy Hire Plc, 2008). The major products of the company include access equipments, drilling/breaking, Gardening, Fencing, Cranes and other earth movers etc. Speedy Hire Plc work in UK which has relatively stable political environment. Considered as a secular country with strong market orientation, UK is currently experiencing slight slow down into its economic activity mainly due to subprime crisis and there is a possibility that housing markets, on overall, may cool down thus reducing the demand for hire industry however, market for the hire equipments were growing as the growth in the market during 2006 has been 6.6% whereas 2007 estimates are 121.5 GBP. The growing inflow of the immigrants into the country has increased the requirements for the housing sector in the country and the reduced cyclicality has allowed companies to anticipate the market trends more effectively. Companies including Speedy Hire Plc within this sector is continuously relying on the information technology therefore there will be increased dependence on technology in the future also. Legal environment in the country is favorable. Environmental concerns for comp anies are increasingly becoming a burning issue for the hire industry and it is believed that companies successfully addressing environmental issues will competitive advantage in the future. The company has two major divisions of equipment hire and tool hire. These two divisions then offer products mentioned above through various geographical

Financial measures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial measures - Essay Example Financial measures are the traditional ones for evaluating operating performance, benchmarking competitors, and comparing industry results. To determine whether a company is profitable, profitability ratios like return on equity, return on assets and net profit margin may be used. Other companies or competitors normally use the same ratios also so that comparison and benchmarking are possible among companies (Meigs, Meigs & Meigs, 1995). However, it does not mean that non-financial measures are not useful since normally they are the underlying explanations of the difference in performance measures. To illustrate in the case of two similar companies in the industry, it is possible that one has more revenues or higher profitability than the other does. What could explain the difference between the two companies may be in the more loyal and active sales force of one company over the other. Upon investigation, it can be found that personal objectives of the workforce or people of the mor e profitable company are tied with the corporate financial objectives. The human resource contribution, which is basically non-financial, is normally not emphasized in the financial statements but they could constitute the competitive advantage on one company over the other company. After knowing that a company has more loyal and hard working sales force, the same company could sustain profitability or further the advantage and that makes the non-financial measure very useful. Of course they are other non-financial measures such as better customer service, better attendance of employees in meeting, zero absences in important activities, timely submissions of reports by concerned employees or departments (Streetdirectory, 2010). The advantage and disadvantage of each measure can be drawn from the example given. Financial measures are readily measurable and are closer to measuring attainment of measurable financial objectives. It is easier to

General Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

General - Research Paper Example rom past years has resulted to several models, assumptions and principles as well as explanations that fully support adult learning and act as a base for improvement, it’s certain that none of these theories is bound to have significant help on all adult students. Understanding this fact in addition to knowledge on the adult learning theories helps adult educators effect their practice. Several theories have been put forward and they include: andragogy, self-directed learning, active learning, transformational learning, problem solving and problem based learning, multiple intelligences, theory of learning conditions among many others. The principle of andragogy was established by Malcolm Knows (1980) in an effort to differentiate the means by which adults learn from those of young ones. This was the basis of all other theories as it tends to emphasize that adults are self directed and are anxious of being involved in decision making. . Malcolm contrasted this principle with the art of teaching a child referred to as pedagogy. His contrast was based on several assumptions about adult learners that in addition to them knowing the reason to study something, the content has to have immediate value. Another assumption is that adult learners also approach learning as a way of solving a particular problem and thus learning should be done experientially. Malcolm also pointed out that the motivation to study is more from internal factors than any external pressure. Therefore, andragogy calls for a clear explanation as to why the student should acquire knowledge on something and any adult tutor should adhere to it. However the principle of student incentive to self decision neglects the fact that the teacher should act as the primary source of information, knowledge and to some extent direction (Brookfield 2003). This draws back the andragogy to some point. Studies have shown that a great percentage of adult learning is self-directed (Cross 1981) whereby they take full

China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

China - Essay Example The stock markets were encouraged to grow and develop, and China embarked on a sustained effort to boost trade and investment activities with the outside world. Moreover, the private economic sector was given a boost and given substantial incentives and freedoms. This has come about gradually, with some hiccups and changes in direction, all aimed at bolstering Chinas global stature as an economic powerhouse and making sure that domestic industries are allowed to flourish. Moving forward from this state of affairs there are several challenges to the economy and to the social cohesiveness and stability of the country that the Chinese government needs to address. Those relate to the reduction of the high rate of savings or the deployment of those large savings, even as domestic consumption on the other end remains lackluster; the provision of jobs to a large section of the Chinese population; the reduction in the rate of crime and the rate of corruption inherent in the system; concerns relating to the environmental sustainability of its economic activities, in light of global warming, its increased fuel needs, and the need to source energy from cleaner alternative energy sources moving forward. This has implications for the overall sustainability of its economic drive, given the widespread damage to the environment at present, which cannot be totally abated because of the lack of cleaner, safer alternative energy supplies to coal and oil. Moreover, the demographic shift towards a greater number of older Chinese has tremendous repercussions for the future of the Chinese society and economy. Clearly the challenges include diversifying away from fossil fuel sources of energy, and sourcing more power from solar and other viable alternatives, including nuclear, though that presents its own problems too. Recent turmoils in the global economy likewise have rocked the Chinese economy to the extent that growth had stalled

The Meaning of Sovereignty, and Its Extent in Contemporary Essay

The Meaning of Sovereignty, and Its Extent in Contemporary Nation-States. Sovereignty in the Asia-Pacific Region - Essay Example The 21st century saw some 200 independent states in the international community, the largest number of free states in history (Tsoundarou, 2002). The key factor for a state to be adjudged independent is its ability to effectively exercise its sovereignty unimpeded by external or internal forces. The concept of sovereignty is generally known by all as the ultimate power for self-determination in a free state. It is oftentimes equated with liberty or freedom. There is general agreement as to its description: sovereignty is absolute, limitless, indefeasible, inalienable, and indivisible (Underhill, 1808); it is qualitative or categorical, not quantitative and therefore not capable of description in percentage terms (Weber, 2011). Ideally, sovereignty resides in the people, although the government exercises the sovereign act in their name. Recently, however, developments in international relations have made it necessary to alter our concept of sovereignty, in order to create workable str uctures among nations that better address the imperatives of globalization and international cooperation. This essay posits the argument that the largely inwardly-looking concept of sovereignty being pursued by states in the Asia-Pacific region has acted as a constraint on the development of a strong regional union that would better serve their interests in a globalizing world. The predominant Westphalian sovereignty to which the Asia-Pacific nations cling is largely antithetical to the â€Å"pooling† of sovereignty that is a requisite to regional unification. In this regard, the Asia-Pacific region is not prepared to meet the imperatives of globalisation. The Meaning of Sovereignty The word â€Å"sovereignty† has been used in so many ways that a degree of ambiguity surrounds the determination of its meaning. In fact, there have been some authors who categorically state that sovereignty is impossible to define (Uruena, 2006). To illustrate the complexity of sovereignty as a concept, a taxonomy by Stephen Krasner (1999, in Weber, 2011, p. 3; Cohan, 1995, pp.912-916; and Jackson, 2006, pp. 63-64) identified four different usages: (1) Domestic sovereignty, that pertains to the power structure of state political authority, as well as the degree to which control is effected and imposed by this authority; (2) Interdependent sovereignty, pertaining to the degree by which the political authority is able to effect the entry and egress through its borders; (3) International legal sovereignty, that pertains to the recognition accorded to other states and which other states accord it; and (4) Westphalian sovereignty, that traditional form of sovereignty which excludes all foreign elements from its political processes. The general perception of â€Å"sovereignty† is that central power reserved by common consensus of nation states for the political head of that state. This began with the Treaty of Westphalia of 1648, otherwise known as the â€Å"Peace Treaty between the Holy Roman Emperor and the King of France and their respective Allies.† Composed of 128 clauses, the document was originally meant to contain the minute details marking the conclusion of the Thirty Years War. It includes the return of landholdings to the different feudal lords, with the promise not to interfere in the regime being implemented in territories other than their own. In effect, the power of the emperor founded on the â€Å"claim of holy predominance was passed on to the kings and lords who exercise their own local predominance† (Jackson, 2006, p. 62). This notion of the absolute right of the sovereign was eventually taken to be the â€Å"

P&I payment Essay Example for Free

PI payment Essay Technology is pervading all levels of mathematics teaching and learning in our modern world, bringing ever more sharply into focus the change from traditional pencil and paper learning to a mixture of calculator, computer and pencil and paper learning environments. Currently the loan has 25 years remaining. Therefore to find out the PI payment, you would plug in 300 for N (2512), 5.75% for I, 0 for FV, and $112,242.47 for PV, and then press PMT which gives you the $706.12. However, we want to find out how much more money they have to pay to pay off the loan in 20 years instead of 25. Therefore change N to 240 (2012) instead of 300. Then press PMT and we should get $788.04. Next, subtract the PI payment they are making now (706.12) from $788.04, which tells you they need to pay $81.92 extra towards the principal each month to have the loan paid off in 20 years instead of 25. This may be reasonable. $81.92 is pretty close to $100 so there really isn’t a lot of wiggle room after meeting the monthly expenses. However, it’s important to note that if you do this way (instead of refinancing), you are not obligated to pay this $81.92 each month if you needed it for something else. Since refinancing costs you $2,000 up-front, we’ll have to add this to the payoff of 112,242.47. This would cause the PV of the loan to be 114,242.47. The new loan would be based on the 30 years, so plug 360 in for N. FV will still be 0. In order to find the highest interest rate you can qualify for that still gives you a PI payment less than your current payment, let’s put in a payment of $706.11 (one penny less than the current payment). This gives us a maximum interest rate of 6.29%. By looking at interest rates in today’s markets, they seem to be around four percent. This is much less than the maximum amount required. At four percent, with $2,000 in closing costs, the new PI payment would be $545.41. This is a monthly savings of $160.71. You almost make up your money, or recoup the cost of refinancing, after a year of payments. This fact, along with the fact that you will be struggling to make these extra principal payments the other way, it makes more sense to refinance if you want to pay off your loan in 20 years instead of 25.

Strategies to Implement Ethical Practices in India

Strategies to Implement Ethical Practices in India INTRODUCTION What is ethics? Ethics is a branch of Philosophy which addresses questions about morale; i.e about concepts morally what is good or bad ,right or wrong etc. An ethical statement can assert that some particular thing or action is right or may be wrong. Ethics can bring about the difference between good and bad characters or dispositions. It may propound few principles which help in more detailed judgments of these sorts, might be inferred for example that we ought always aim at the general happiness or try to minimize the total suffering of all sentient beings. That it is correct for everyone to look after themselves. Every such statement expresses ethical judgments of different degrees of generality. [J L Mackie 1977] Business ethics Business ethics is that which examines ethical principles, morala or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and business organizations as a whole. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ethics,nd) Origin of Ethics: The systematic study of what is morally right or wrong can determine that ethics might have originated when humans started to lead the best way of life. This reflective stage emerged once morality creeped into the human society, usually in the form of customary standards of right and wrong conduct. Such customs lead this process of reflection, even if it found them waiting. Ethics also began to come into the picture with the invent of moral codes. [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/194023/ethics] The history of Business ethics can vary depending on the situation or the object under discussion. The history also depends a lot on the historian, the way he or she conceives the subject, what facts he or she seeks to discover or has at hand, and the relative importance the historian gives to those facts. The term business ethics is used in a lot of different ways. In this broad sense the application of everyday moral or ethical norms to business can be considered as Business ethics. ( De George, nd), Many business persons are strongly influenced by their religious beliefs and the ethical norms that they have been taught as part of their religion, and apply these norms in their business activities. Business ethics focuses on the moral or ethical actions of individuals. Many people discussing business ethics, immediately resort to examples of immoral or unethical activity by individuals or by an organization. It also includes the criticism of multinational corporations which make use of child labor or pay very low wages to employees in less developed countries or who utilize suppliers that run sweat shops. Chandra and Pai (2009) explain that for every individual there are certain factors that affect the way an individual take decisions. They feel that power, centralization of workflow, substitutability of activities, uncertainty of inputs and routinization are the various factors are responsible for controlling the ethical contingencies of any individual. A general framework was being produced by Flanagan (2009) regarding the ethical decision making process. He believes that the characteristics of the decision maker which includes motivation, locus of control, ego strength, knowledge, experience, risk taking abilities, Machiavellianism, etc. and the significant influences such as the organization, work, law, economics, professionalism, technology, family, friends or other opinion leaders are responsible for any decision outcome. These outcomes can be in the form of rewards, performance, satisfaction, feedback, promotion or learning. Aims and objectives of the Research Find out the level of ethical awareness amongst the employees in private and public sector companies. Comparison of ethical behaviour between private and public sector employees Role of management in improving ethical behaviours. To what extent the employees in the public and private sector organisation understand the intensity of corruption. How can an employee define corruption in his own terms? what are the measures taken by the management to educate the employees about the unethical behaviour? BACKGROUND The Indian industrial sector opened up in late 1990s when the various developed countries entered India through modes like FDI etc ,with the relaxation of rules and modifications made in the foreign policies along with the age of outsourcing and boom in IT and BPO sectors , lot of foreign companies outsourced their processes to the developing countries especially to India and China .private sector banks were allowed to enter into India. when the banking space in India was already overcrowded with a number of public sector banks, private sector banks, and co-operative banks. Foreign multinational banks, which were growth-constrained, were also waiting eagerly for the sector to open up further in 2009 to make a major foray into this emerging market. now there was scenario where in loans were available at a very less interest rates. The spending ability of the people increased and the spent more than what they actually earned ,by availing the easily available loans now they bought cars and pent houses which, prior to the Banking boom was just a dream for them. This at a micro level increased the corruption in the private sector banks as the executives who sanctioned the loans to these people actually amplified the income of the people on papers through fake documents who asked for loans and inturn expected a percentage of loan as kickback for themselves .this was very common at the micro level in the developing nations but as we go to the macro level there has been an absolute devastation of ethics and higher levels of corruption. There have been many a books which have been written on ethics and corruption , everyday we read in news papers articles, journals about companies and government agencies who are found guilty in scams. With respect to literature on ethics and corruption its a sea out there. Where the data from which can be inculcated here in the research is very less, as there are several life experiences which can just be an eye opener, which cannot be found in books or have references. Ethical Theories: Different ethical theories involve differing procedures, implications, and justifications. Ethical theories are based on ethical principles, they emphasize on different aspects of an ethical dilemma. They also lead to ethically correct resolution staying within the guidelines of ethical theories. Deontology In this theory emphasizing ones main duty is what is considered ethically correct. This theory illustrates that, while analyzing an ethical dilemma, people should strictly follow their obligations and duties.(Rainbow C,1996,pp372) For instance, a deontologist will always keep his promises to a friend and will follow the law. A person who follows this theory will produce very consistent decisions since they will be based on the individuals set duties. Specific people are provided with a basis for special duties and obligations in this theory. For example, an older brother may have an obligation to protect his little sister when they cross a busy road together. (http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories.htm ] Utilitarianism The utilitarian ethical theory was based on the capability of predicting the consequences of an action. To an utilitarian, the choice that is ethically correct is the option that provides the greatest benefit to the most people. (Mill S 1963)One benefit of this ethical theory is that the utilitarian can compare similar predicted solutions and use a point system to determine which choice is more beneficial for more people. This point system provides a logical and rationale argument for each decision and allows a person to use it on a case-by-case context. (Mill S 1963) There are two types of utilitarianism, act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism adheres exactly to the definition of utilitarianism as described in the above section. In act utilitarianism, a person performs the acts that benefit the most people, regardless of personal feelings or the societal constraints such as laws. Rule utilitarianism, however, takes into account the law and is concerned with f airness. Rule utilitarianism benefits are that it values justice and also includes the beneficence at the same time. Most people are benefitted through the fairest and most just means in rule utilitarian. Ethical theories in private and public sector companies : Different ethical perceptions, principles and judgments developed as a result of the differences between public and private-sector organizations. (Sampford C,1998) Unified ethic is instructional and makes possible careful analysis of the proper place of public sector ethics in the context of business, higher education, health care, and law. The public administrators are well-suited to serve as moral exemplars for other professions and for all citizens. . (Sampford C,1998) The notion that public service ought to be the model for ethical conduct in the professions (rather than the other way around) is supportable and provokes new thinking about moral agency and ethics. (Preston N,2002)They provide the necessary foundation for studying public sector ethics by focusing on traditional models arising from moral philosophy. The unified ethic illuminates ethical implications of public administration. It also constructs and culminates by offering an alternative framework for studying ethics. Reay (2009) defines ethics as a set of principles concerning proper conduct. But many authors believe that the definition of ethics changes from one individual to another or from one business to another and everyone has his own definition of ethics depending upon their own set of moral conducts. It is believed that the moral code is essentially ones own sense of what is right and what is wrong, or what is acceptable and what is not acceptable. There are those who think that this moral code should be the same for everyone but it simply cannot be, because all think differently, and all have different upbringings, backgrounds, and experiences. But ethical code of conduct matters to us in every field of life in todays world. The salient features of established ethics models: deontological, teleological, intuitionism and virtue theory are combined to make public administration a moral enterprise. It is a moral enterprise because its sole purpose is to serve public values and public purposes. Moral agency is a part of the profession of public administration. In other words, public administrators must strive always to do that which is morally right. This becomes more important since public administrators are under greater public scrutiny than their private sector counterparts and are more than likely to be held accountable for the decisions they make. (Preston N,2002)Both political and administrative practice are embedded with ethical theories and so are inseparable from governance. (Anne Bois C,2000) says The prime importance of Citizens and public servants are to work towards the promotion, co-operative and meaningful relationships that involve moral examination, theoretical practice, Different Ethical de cision-making models prompted differing ethical perceptions and different judgments. Better communication between factions of varying types is created by awareness of the comparative difference in the moral reasoning of public- and private-sector personnel. [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-20583851/do-public-sector-and.html]. For example, one might expect oath-bound public administrators to be more deontological than other groups that are less constrained by oath and more motivated by collective interest, such as special interest groups or business representatives. One also might expect career officials to be more oriented to duty and principle than are elected officials who must keep consequences in mind for the sake of their own re election. Or it might mean that such personnel will administer both public and private policy with greater consistency and less capriciousness and will remain impartial in circumstances where general fairness frequently is challenged. It seek s to determine whether public- and private-sector personnel differ in their dispositions to exhibit consequentiality or deontological tendencies and, if so, the ways in which those dispositions might be manifest. To understand the nature of public administration these possibilities prove to be the decisive factors. Understanding the ethical decision-making process and its moderating factors helps to incorporate ethics in private and public institutions. Ethical Leadership: Ethical leadership is characterized by having good characters, getting to know ones core values and having the courage to live them in all parts life. [http://www.businessballs.com/ethical_management_leadership.htm] Foundations for various modern concepts for work, business and organizations are provided by Ethical principles. The modern concept of ethical organizations encompasses many related issues like corporate social responsibility (CSR) or simply social responsibility, fair-trade, sustainability, social enterprise, well-being at work and life balance and many more aspects of good modern leadership. There are no clear cut definitions or rules of ethics that can define them. The 4-V Model of Ethical Leadership explains the relationship between beliefs and values and behaviors and actions. The main purpose is the advancement of the common good. The (Grace B,1999) model based on his formal leadership research and personal passions around faith and ethics. Leaders work to create an open, two-way conversation, thereby maintaining a charitable understanding of different views, values, and constituents opinions. They are open to others opinions and ideas because they know those ideas make the organization they are leading better. By having à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the right valuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? or being a person of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“strong character,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? the ethical leader can set the example for others and withstand any temptations that may occur along the way. Without denying the importance of good character and the right values, the reality of ethical leadership is far more complex and the stakes are much higher. In every field of business, the ethical behavior is very important. But in the field of business services, the role of ethics is even greater as it is directly related to humans life. But Murthy (2007) reveals that for the economic and business benefits, some businessmen are neglecting their code of ethics. Although, Nundy (2000) argues that it is only a small portion of the businessmen who do not follow the code of ethics and are bringing a disgrace to the whole community of corporates but still unethical practices are going on in different sectors in various forms. Carroll and Buchholtz (2008) explains that ethics is basically a discipline that deals with what is good and bad with moral duty and obligation and these sets of moral conducts are even true for the business systems in any part of the world. They divide the ethics into two key branches of moral philosophy as descriptive and normative ethics. They further explained descriptive ethics is a branch that is concerned with describing, characterizing and studying the morality of a people, an organization, a culture or a society. It also compares and contrasts different moral codes, systems, practices, beliefs and values. Therefore, in descriptive ethics, the key focus remains on learning. But on the other hand, the normative ethics is concerned with supplying and justifying a coherent moral system of thinking and judging. This type of ethics seeks to uncover, develop and justify basic moral principles that are intended to guide behavior, actions and decisions. It is here that the business s ystem, particularly in the developing countries, go wrong at following the normative ethics and they violate the ethical code of conduct for their individual benefits. Carroll and Buchholtz (2008) has explained three approaches to ethics as conventional approach (based on how normal society views ethics in todays environment), principles approach (based upon the use of ethics principles or guidelines to direct behavior, action and policies) and ethical tests approach (based on short practical questions to guide ethical decisions guiding the behavior). But seeing the business practices as a concern, the conventional approach to ethics is essentially an approach where one can compare a decision, practice or policy with prevailing norms of acceptability and say whether the practice followed is ethical or unethical. The conventional approach defines some of the sources of norms that come to bear on the individual and that might give an idea for the unethical behavior of the businessmen around the world today. The various sources that may influence a businessman to follow up an unethical practice may include family, friends, law, religious beliefs, society, employer, profession, culture and fellow workers. Each of these attributes contributes in one or the other way to force the business Enterprises to follow the unethical practices for their individual benefits either business or economic. One of possible example for motivating a professionals to follow unethical practices can be an urge to earn more money to satisfy the needs of the family members. This urge of getting more money leads him to follow unethical practices to earn quick money. But there exists a reason for the unethical behavior of the business Enterprises because whenever he or she makes a decision about what is being ethical (right, just, fair), the conventional approach comes into picture. The decision being taken consists of three elements where in the first step, the observation is of the decision, action and the existing practice in the workplace. After that the practice is compared with the prevailing norms of acceptability and then the recognition of the value judgments with the prevailing norms of acceptability. This means for the same set of actions, the two persons have different ways of looking it as they have different et of prevailing norms of acceptability The diagram for ethical decision making gives a wider view for an individual decision regarding ethics. The diagrams depicts the business Enterprises following the unethical practices can be put in the area . This is an area where the corporates get a profit following the unethical practices but they need to be very cautious while doing the unethical work. The various business enterprises in the developing countries are ready to take such a risk because of the inefficient legal system in these countries. They take benefit of the existing lenient laws in these countries and follow the unethical practices to make quick money. The business enterprises usually follow the principle of Smiths Market Ethic which says that take selfish actions and be motivated by personal gains in business dealings. But as the reason of their actions for unethical behavior, they follow the Bentham/Mills Utilization Ethic Principle which asks an individual to determine whether the harm in an action is outweighed by the good. So, these parctioners have numerous reasons which can outweigh the unethical action by a good cause. Weaver (2009) reveals that a recent survey conducted by the American Management Association and the Human Resource Institute identified the top three factors that would cause people to break the ethical standards. The factors included the pressure to meet unrealistic objectives or deadlines, career advancement and protecting their livelihood. In case of the business Enterprises the later two reasons play a very important role for encouraging following the unethical practices. For establishing their practice in a very short span of time and for increasing the volumes of clients coming to visit them, these business Feiglstok (2009) supports the ethics in an organization by revealing that the benefits of being ethical greatly outweigh being non-ethical in business. There are plenty of reasons why being honest and truthful is the better decision to make. This includes the honesty towards work and various humanitarian reasons. He also believes that working for an organization in an ethica l manner or working as individual for the profession in an ethical manner gives self satisfaction to an individual which cannot be obtained even if one earns good money by following the unethical practices. Unethical Practices in Industry Decades back, business was considered as a good profession and almost all corporates were not money minded people. But the time has changed and all wants to be established in their life very quickly and for that they will choose the short cut. (Theyyunni, 2008). So, young and inexperienced business Enterprises have started following the path of short cut by taking the unethical path which is beneficial in terms of business as well as economics. Although Watts (2008) criticizes the unethical behavior of the business Enterprises by quoting Not All Money is Good Money but still it depends upon business Enterprises to take their own ethical decisions. In many of the developing countries, the staff employed in the public sector may also practice privately, either on their own account or working for owners of private facilities. This may be legal or may not be strictly legal or controlled. Public offices may operate their own private offices and manage the income from them, or may allow work for private gain on their premises, as when corporates admit private clients and are paid directly by them. (Mills, Bennett, McPake, 1997) This overlapping of the private and public sectors gives birth to the existence of certain unethical practices for the personal benefits by certain individuals. Garretts principle of proportionality supports the view of the business Enterprises in developing countries around the world by saying these Enterprises have a proportional reason for the unethical practices which are very much needed along with the ethical practices that are followed. It believes one such proportionate reason is the low wage to business sector. Smith (1999) says that with reference to NHS in UK, the professional bodies and the government departments have a very little to say on these unethical practices. Nundy (2000) believes that to see how the public can be safeguarded from an inefficient and often corrupt business system and receive comprehensive health care of a reasonable quality is paramount. Unethical Practices in India India has been ranked a lowly 74, two steps down since last year, among 180 countries of the world on the worldwide Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), prepared by independent international agency Transparency International. However, corruption is much higher in Pakistan which occupies 140th place, a little below Iran, Libya and Nepal which are ranked 133, 134 and 135 respectively. Meanwhile, China which was ranked a joint 72 with India in 2007, slided a step down to occupy a place above its neighbour this year. Among other Asian countries, Russia is placed still lower on 145, while Sri Lanka occupies the 96th position and Maldives is ranked 90. ((http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Corruption-index-India-ranked-74/327777/ With the fast development of various sectors in India, the unethical practices are also increasing in the business sector in India. Sharma (2004) has clearly stated that there in an urgent need to overhaul and strengthen the public sector in India. Apart from quacks and outright fakes, even qualified business practitioners know that they can get away with malpractice because clients do not know their rights. With the exponential growth of the private sector, there is an urgent need for regulation to protect users. (Sharma, 2004) Dev and Rao (2009) support the allegations of Sharma by quoting that the recent expansion of the private sector and the increased investment in the field of the curative services and the various sophisticated business equipments have increased the corruption in the private practices in the business sector in India. They explain that the payment to touts who get the clients for offices and to the corporates who refer clients has become a common practice in India Colclough (1997) explains commission to corporates who prescribe expensive investigations and procedures which are often unnecessary as another form of unethical practice and corruption in business sector in India. Dev and Rao (2009) criticize the unethical Indian corporates in the private sector putting them responsible for kickbacks, overbilling and expensive procedures. Phadke (2009) reveals though the client knows about the malpractice but he is afraid to bargain or to show lack of trust because of the fear that this might adversely affect the persons attitude towards the client and in turn, may affect the quality of the service provided. The picture of the business sector gets more clear while having a look at the PEST Analysis done by Holtz (2008) who alleges the lower annual per capita ($ 20) spending of the Indian government on of the public sector i.e the healthcare and the under-developed private health insurance in India which spends only 1% of the total spending on healthcare as major political reasons for the unethical practices in India Sharma (2004) critically argues the claims made by the other authors and says that majority of the population in the various developing countries is uneducated about the governmental structure of business sector and moreover, the inaccessibility of the services in a rural area with densely populated areas can be treated as primary reasons for the increased importance of the business Enterprises which further leads to following up of unethical practices by few individuals. Holtz (2008) shares a different view and feels that low wages to employees and staff in government services are the primary reasons responsible for the existence of the unethical practices in the business sector. Cygnus Business Consulting Research Pvt. Ltd. (2008) criticizes the governments for having access to less high-tech equipments with them as compared to private organizations. One of the other important factors responsible for the unethical practice is due to lack of job satisfaction as claimed by Wells (20 07). Hertzberg (1959) has formulated a two-factor theory, which proposes motivators and hygienes as the two factors responsible for job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. The presence of motivators in the workplace caused enduring states of motivation in employees but their absence did not lead to dissatisfaction. Wells (2007) establishes that the factors that are included as the Motivators are responsibility, recognition, promotion, achievement and intrinsic aspects of job while the factors the form the Hygienes are supervision, salary, work environment, company policies and the relationship with colleagues. The lack of the government motivation to the corporates and the parabusiness staff in the business sector can be considered as one of the most important factors for the use of unethical factors in treatment of clients in India. (Dev Rao, 2009) . To what extent the business Enterprises are following unethical practices and what are reasons for their unethical behavior is still the subject of research. So, this dissertation will try to find the answer of these questions. Moreover, in the existing research, it is still unclear whether which particular specialty is more unethical and demands for maximum commission. This dissertation will also try to establish such a relationship which can explain about the extent of commission practice existing in the business sector. Corruption The most disquieting aspect of the widespread corruption in India is the fact that it is not anymore confined to politicians or the government machinery alone. It is prevalent amongst almost every section of the society at every level.( N.S. Venkataraman, 2002). the fact is that most of the Indians are involved in corrupt practices in one way or the other, either due to greed or due to so called compulsion. In any case, the willingness to sacrifice for the sake of not getting involved in corrupt dealings is conspicuous by its absence amongst the most. Indian IT majors Satyam and Wipro , who were barred from World Bank projects for offering their stock to Bank officials, represent a miniscule problem compared to the kickbacks and commissions that go to government officials for approval of Bank projects. (Steve Berkman, 2009). Emergence of political elite who believe in interest-oriented rather than nation-oriented programmes and policies. Artificial scarcity created by the people with malevolent intentions wrecks the fabric of the economy. ( KOHLI, SURESH, 1975) say that Corruption is caused as well as increased because of the change in the value system and ethical qualities of men who administer. The old ideals of morality, service and honesty are regarded as an achronistic. Tolerance of people towards corruption, complete lack of intense public outcry against corruption and the absence of strong public forum to oppose corruption allow corruption to reign over people. (John B, 1966) say that Vast size of population coupled with wi despread illiteracy and the poor economic infrastructure lead to endemic corruption in public life. In a highly inflationary economy, low salaries of government officials compel them to resort to the road of corruption. Graduates from IIMs with no experience draw a far handsome salary than what government secretaries draw. Measures to combat corruption ( John B, 1966) suggests that Foolproof laws should be made so that there is no room for discretion for politicians and bureaucrats. The role of the politician should be minimized. Application of the evolved policies should be left in the hands of independent commission or authority in each area of public interest. Decision of the commission or authority should be challengeable only in the courts. Cooperation of the people has to be obtained for successfully containing corruption. ( KIMBERLY ANNED, 1997) People should have a right to recall the elected representatives if they see them becoming indifferent to the electorate. Funding of elections is at the core of political corruption. Electoral reforms are crucial in this regard. (SUSAN, 1999)Several reforms like: State funding of election expenses for candidates; strict enforcement of statutory requirements like holding in-party elections, making political parties get their accounts audited regularly and filing income-tax returns; denying persons with criminal records a chance to contest elections, should be brought in.Responsiveness, accountability and transparency are a must for a clean system. (BRIAN E,1995) points at Bureaucracy, the backbone of good governance, should be made more citizen friendly, accountable, ethical and transparent. More and more courts should be opened for speedy inexpensive justice so that cases linger in courts for years and justice is delivered on time. (HEATHER ,2003) Local bodie s, Independent of the government, like Lokpals, Lokadalats, CVCs and Vigilance Commissions should be formed to provide speedy justice with low expenses. (MARIANNE M ,2003) shows us A new Fundamental Right viz. Right to Information should be introduced, which will empower the citizens to ask for the information they want. Barring some confidential information, which concerns national and international security, other information should be made available to general public as and when required. Stringent actions against corrupt officials will certainly have a deterrent impact. Scams and Scandals A typical case of Aes corporation ,shell ,e

Strategies Of Sustainable Tourism In Maharashtra Tourism Essay

Strategies Of Sustainable Tourism In Maharashtra Tourism Essay Tourism is concerned with pleasure holidays, travel going or arriving somewhere. These are the motivation that makes people leave their normal place of work and residence for short term temporary visits to other places not more than one consecutive year. Tourism is generally considered to be beneficial activity and for most people an ideal land use activity; a non-polluting, job generating and foreign exchange earning industry. However, years of sobering experiences have led to the realisation that mass and uncontrolled movement of people creates certain social, economic, political and environmental impacts of the destinations. These impacts vary as per the type of tourism promoted and can be both beneficial as well as adverse. This essay discusses and defines the key term sustainability and competiveness and how they can be use as a strategy to develop tourism in Maharashtra, which is one of top ranked tourist destination in India. The key word in the analysis of tourism is sustainability, a notion that at its most basic summarizes the growing concern for the environment and natural resources, though sustainability has also had increasing resonance in social and economic issues in tourist destinations. The destination has played an important role in tourism. It is a mix product of the tourism which offers integrated experiences to its tourist and consumers. Basically destination are regarded as well define geographical areas such as a town, a city, a country, a nation or as whole world where tourist stay at least one overnight (WTO, 2007). On the other hand it is growing subjectively by the tourist and consumers depending on their flexible demands as when they plan their itinerary on the basis of culture background of the destination and the purpose of visits. It may be educational, business, or vacations to experience importance of the place. Such as a Paris as a destination for German business travellers, for Leisure Japanese, Europe may be a destination within their specified period of a trip (Vlahovic, S., 2010). Apart from this A Jungle may be a destination for scientist and researchers who involve in nature related study simultaneously it is destination for people who like to visit Jungle in their vacation such as Jungle Safari. In addition to it tourist destination also helps in generating revenue to the government as well as private sector which is a significant factor while considering tourism (Edward, J., 2010).****************** Since beginning destinations are divided by manmade borders such as geographically and politically, which does not considering the consumer preferences or tourist industry functions (Vlahovic, S., 2010). Whereas Holloway and Taylor (2006) say that all destinations share certain features such as the place of attraction, services and facilities and accessibility of the destination. Currently in all worlds destination a high competition can be seen. Due to mobility and accessibility of the tourist destination around the world, also emerging changes in tourist destinations with technology, infrastructure, and communication. Therefore destination cannot escape the competitive challenges by the justification that the task is too difficult (Vlahovic, S., 2010). Mostly, destination are varied in nature, these are not always with equal potential, some have lot of potential resources competitive advantages, and some have limited natural resources and infrastructure to support the tourism development in particular destination (Ritchie and Crouch 2000 cited McCartney et al.2008). According to McCartney et al., 2008, there were question between Ritchie and crouch 2000, that whether destination are by born or created? The answer is in question itself. Further Ritchie and Crouch (2000) mention the definition of destination competitiveness and how its related to sustainability as firstly its ability to increase tourism expenditure, to increasingly attract visitors while providing them with satisfying memorable experiences and to do so in a profitable way, while enhancing the well-being of destination residents and preserving the natural capital of the destination for future generations. As a result of this it can be assume that destination competitiveness in tourism has several sustainability dimensions such as economic, social, cultural and environmental. Competitiveness has become a central point of tourism policy. As its increases and tourism activity become stronger, so there is need to put some limelight on improving the competitiveness by creating a constitutional outline to examine, to control and enhance quality and effectiveness in the industry and to protect (to sustain) resources (Vlahovic, S., 2010). Sustainability has defined by Bruntlands Report (1987 cited Cooper et al., 2008) that meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs So to understand the sustainability of resources and how much potential available in destination, there is necessitate to do SWOT as well as PESTLE (Tribe,1995) analysis of the destination from internal and external then require to focus on essential innovative strategy to come up from weakness and threats and to strengthen it to create more opportunity in the future. Strategy has defined by Quinn 1980, It is an outline of a plan that combines organizations major goals, policies and sequence of action in to a cohesive whole, whilst strategy is the way and scope of an organization, it has two phases one short term about three year and second long term more than 5 year (Cooper et al,. 2008) preferably which matches its resources to its changing demand from the surrounding particularly in destination markets to tourists and consumers so as to meet stake holders opportunity (Tribe, 1997). Pike and Ryan (2004 cited McCartney, et al, 2008) said that competitive strategy through comparing cognitive, affective and conative perceptions of the destination. They concluded in their studies that effective positioning requires a succinct, focused and consistent message. Positioning analysis requires an understanding of how a destination is perceived to perform on attributes deemed important to the target market, relative to the competition. On the other side in terms of income and expansion of a national tourism industry in the global market of develop and developing countries, which could therefore raise the real income of its citizens and develop its standard of living (Hong, 2008). Therefore, high demand in competitive strategy or policies require proper and better education and training about the sustainability tourism through academic orientation programmes, government and private organization, also through various information channels (Harris et al 2002). The concept of Sustainability strategy has become in practice by World Conservation Strategy (WCS) in 1980. It was commissioned by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) which jointly with the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) provided the financial Support for its operations. The main strategy has aim to make basic structure and legal guideline to develop and developing country to explain the involvement of living resources conservation to human survival such as green house gas effect, emission, destruction, degradation, extinction of flora and fauna species, pollution, genetic diversity and soil erosion and to sustainable development identifies the main concern of conservation problem and the main requirements for dealing with them and proposes ways for effective accomplishing the strategys goal (NSSD, 1980). There are mainly four pillars of sustainable strategies that are economic, environmental, social and cultural. And it requires suitable consideration of all above four parts of pillars for well being of all stakeholders, to achieve long-term goals requires the engagement of all the stakeholders concerned to the production and consumption process of sustainable tourism though it is related to ruralisation or urbanization (Cooper et al., 2008). Economic Sustainability: Cooper et al., 2008 explained that economic sustainability requires holistic planning across all industrial sectors. It must also reach beyond the destination to make sure that intermediaries such as tour operators are not able to circumvent or put unwanted pressure on the planning processes, it may create a negative impression on the tourist and tourist destination. Mowforth and Munt (2009) have mentioned that economic sustainability is not less important than all others in any tourist development. Sustainability in these terms refers to a level of economic gain from the activity such as planning, training etc., sufficient either to cover the cost of any other special measures taken to provide for the tourist and to mitigate the effects of the tourists presence or to offer an income appropriate other conditions or both. In contrast, Baumgartner and Quaas (2010) have different view as the general definition of sustainability has based on the notions of weak and strong sustainability. Environmental Sustainability Environmental sustainability in tourism requires greater attention and knowledge about the impacts and ways of translating those impacts into the economic marketplace. The tourist, or service provider in the tourism industry have to understand their responsibilities such as disturbing the natural life cycles so for this reason government legislation should be there in system that in case of failure to abide by those systems (Cooper et al., 2008). Further there is need to calculate carrying capacities, it is an important method of assessing environmental impact and sustainability (Maldonado et al. 1992 cited in Mowforth and Munt 2009). Social sustainability Social sustainability is a ability of a community, may local or national, to understand changes such as excess tourists, for short or long term and continuing functioning either without the creation of social disharmony as a result of these contribution or by settling its functions and relationships so that the conflict created can be improve or mitigated (Mowforth and Munt 2009). As per the Cooper et al., (2008) that tourists who do not want to adapt at all will always create negative impacts on the local community. So to avoid it tourist who may be through natural interest where the concerned visitor intrigued by local customs and behaviour so they go to scrutinize and that inspection can set in movement of a commercialisation process that will sooner or later change the events. Cultural sustainability Travel can change persons life through its visits to various parts of the world and more interaction between the local people of the destinations. It helps to develop the understanding about the tourist destination and its culture of the local people. But some time the relationships within particular society, the mores of interaction, the lifestyle, the customs and traditions are all subjectively means of exchange. Even its culture may be irreversibly altered. Culture is a dynamic a feature of human life as in the society, community and economy; so then it can be assume that changes in culture not always welcome in to the society. That means sometime it creates negative effects. But, the cultural sustainability refers to the ability of people to maintain or understand the elements of their culture which distinguished them from others people (Mowforth and Munt, 2009). According the definition that destination has made by manmade borders, so here every destination has its own administrative as well as managing style. This includes the rules and regulation of the town, city, states, countries and all worlds to sustain the balance of Environmental, economic, social and cultural sustainability. So, the role of government and private organization to make strategies and policies is to keep engaging and motivating the participants on long term basis such as government stakeholders, private organizations, and other local authorities also the NGOs in to development of the tourism product. Due to the vast nature of the industry it involves wide-ranging of operations, decisions and planning area with understanding sustainability and non sustainability and the requirements of tourist destinations, its consumer and suppliers such as tourism intermediaries and others like infrastructure developers and legal procedures such as visa and tourists destination manag ement, its statistics of visitors and economy which circulate by the tourism industry (Prugh et al., 2000). The destination which I have taken that is Maharashtra state of India. So first of all according to definition of destination need to understand geography of Maharashtra. Maharashtra is a  state  which located in the western part of  India. It is the  second most populous and  third largest state by area  in India. There is a huge tourism potential available in Maharashtra due to its culture and vide range of geographical area. The borders of Maharashtra is the  Arabian Sea  to the west of India with a 720 km long coastline along the lush green Konkan region,  nestled Sahyadri mountain range are several hill stations and water reservoirs with semi-evergreen and deciduous forests. Gujarat  and the  Union territory  of  Dadra and Nagar Haveli  to the northwest,  Madhya Pradesh  to the northeast,  Chhattisgarh  to the east,  Karnataka  to the south,  Andhra Pradesh  to the southeast,    Goa   which is the part of Maharashtra it has located at the southwest it is a famous holiday spot in the world it is well known by its various beaches. Vasco da Gama sailed down at Malabar Coast in 1948. The Goas economy is solely depending on the tourism. Maharashtra state covers an area of 307,731  km2  (118,816  sq  mi) or 9.84% of the total geographical area of India.  Mumbai, the capital city of the state, is Indias largest city and the financial capital of the nation.  Marathi  is the mother tongue of Maharashtra (Govt. of Maharashtra, 2006). It is also the richest state in India, contributing to 15% of the countrys industrial output and 13.2% of its GDP  in year 2005-06. History The name Maharashtra also appeared in a 7th century inscription and in the account of a Chinese traveller Hiuen-Tsang, was a famous  Chinese  Buddhist  monk, scholar, traveller, and translator that brought up the interaction between  China  and  India  in the early  Tang  period. The potential available at Maharashtra that it has four world cultural heritage sites as first two located in the Sahyadri Mountain Range these are 1) Ajanta caves 2) Ellora caves at Aurangabad and 3) Elephanta caves at the Elephanta Island at the Mumbai. And the newly inscribed site is Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) before it was known as Victoria Terminus (VT) (MTDC, 2010). Bhandardara is noted place for trekking place of Maharashtra followed by Pratapgarh near Mahabaleshwar, Torna near Bhor and Panhala near Kolhapur. Also Sahyadri ranges provide about 7 to 8 trekking cites which has around Pune, Satara, Lonavala and other places. And the rock climbing at Karla Mountains, believed to be dating back to 160 BC. It is home to the huge cluster of Chaitya caves (Planning commission of India, 2007). The water sport activity available at Panshet Aqua Sports centres 40 km drive from Pune, such as windsurfing, speed boating, kayaking, water scooters etc. Close to Mumbai, Esselworld at Gorai is an amusement park which has roller coasters and water slides. Also the Sailing which is most popular in India available at Mumbai and Pune, in Maharashtra, sailing equipments are available only at the Khadakvasla Lake in Pune. Currently, MTDC has started the Scuba and Snorkelling diving school in the water of Arabian Sea at Konkan (MTDC, 2010). Before propose, justify and to defend strategy for the chosen destination, require a SWOT analysis of destination internally as well externally (Tribe, 2003). Then it is easy to understand the nature of competitiveness and threats among the four pillar of sustainability. The analysis involves consideration of the major influences upon the tourist destination success in terms of: resources and environment (Tribe, 2003). So according to this, the analysis of Maharashtras tourism sector is also based on national and global factor as resources and environmental consideration. SWOT analysis of Maharashtra (Govt of India, 2007): Strength available in Maharashtra Maharashtra has immense potential with natural beaches, heritage and culture. Mumbai is comparatively higher in strength of Maharashtra States. It is commercial as well as entertainment capital of India. Recently, the achievement by A. R. Rehman from Slumdog millionaire movie, It has received a prime interest to population of Indian origin in the source of market of USA and UK. Mumbai has an international airport brings about 26 per cent of most of the international tourists. Also, it has advantage of getting most of the tourist to the state before any other states in India. Further, in Agricultural tourism wine tourism now in boom. Because of The international level research institute and providing a better knowledge about the agricultural products which includes export quality product to other countries and how to sustain the farmers land to grow well crops in future. While considering health Medical tourism also in budding stage in metro cities. Weakness in Tourism of Maharashtra Every tourism require tourist for its growth so, the tourism industry in Maharashtra is highly depend on the long haul market include USA, UK, France and Germany. Secondly, the host ambience; when tourist arrived in Mumbai they experience that the condition of western highway is poor, ample amount of advertisement boards and then on the road beggars this all creates a very poor host ambience the reason behind it is population of Mumbai about is approximately 13,788,305. Thirdly, destination transits status shows that only 5-8 per cent out of 50 per cent of international tourist who visits to India is ready to travel to Maharashtras destination. The reason behind it the Safety and security concerns and poor marketing campaign available around India and other countries. Fourthly, unfocused development and lack of co-ordination between MTDC (Maharashtra Tourism Development and Corporation), ITDC (Indian Tourism Development Corporation) and IRCTC (Indian Railway and Catering Tourism Corporation) etc. have followed their own objectives and plans and are working on separate platform. Lack of co-operation between various governmental organization involved in tourism creates inconvenience to the tourist. For example : A visit to Ajanta World heritage site requires a tourist to purchase as many as 7 tickets due to a distinct jurisdiction issue.(Planning Commission of India, 2007). And Deccan Odyssey Luxury train which serves 7 tourist destinations in Maharashtra has getting less revenue, because of poor marketing strategies and promotions from various tourist information Kiosk available in Maharashtra and other part of India. Opportunities to sustain tourism in Maharashtra Due to 9/11 terrorist attack, the domestic tourism growth has increased. Maharashtra Government undertaking initiatives to attract domestic tourism as a tourism strategy. Secondly, Indian governments Golden Quadrilateral Highway project is now in last stage to connect North- South, East-west corridors by the National highways, and is expected to increase accessibilities in domestic tourism (GoI, 2002). The growing tourism source countries of Japan, China and Sri Lanka have Buddhist populations (Buddha Dharma Education Association) their interest is in Buddhist architecture and heritage is a great opportunity for Maharashtra to offer then its unique Cave Architecture. Thirdly, the nature of tourist market in Mumbai, the high spending business and leisure tourists mostly from East European countries affects on the market. The available outbound market is China. Threats which affects to sustain competitive tourism in Maharashtra Maharashtra had significant threats in last decade that all affect on the tourism of Maharashtra. The series of incidents as bomb blast in 1993 target was Hotels and tourists attraction, train bomb blast 2006 and then at the end terrorist attack on 26th to 29th November 2008 on Hotel Trident, The Taj Mahal Palace and Tower, and Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminals in Mumbai. Secondly, the competitor of it started Economic Impact assessment working with the help of WTO and WTTC, Kerala has already started their vision 2025 to sustain their development growth in tourism. Thirdly, the most competition can be seen in Heritage tourism, beach tourism, back water sport and special interest tourism. Cultural sustainability and strategies in Maharashtra: Under the cultural tourism strategy of Maharashtra the government considered that it has distinctive aspects of its rich culture and tradition would be identified and promoted as an integral part of Maharashtras tourism. To Identify and promote the states folk arts and organize folk dance and music programmes at tourist destinations (Govt of Maharashtra 2006). But to sustain it there is less financial support to those participants in to the entertainment field. The financial support is not on time they need to wait sanction the amount from government. Currently, there is a lot of attention to Bollywood artist, so here it can be seen that celebrities has taken over on Maharashtras culture such as following dress sense of Hollywood actresses is now seen in metro cities. There is still no any specific step has been taken by any of the entertainment industry to give chance to local folk artist to perform on large scale. Environmental impacts and strategies of sustainable tourism in Maharashtra: Due to dramatically rise in the Domestic as well as international tourism, currently metropolitan cities such as Mumbai and Pune, has facing pollution level problem, considering the case of Pune, in Pune the pollution level always on critical level. Local authority made strict rule for transportation and traffic rule to control the negative impact on the environment but still it not up to the good level to achieve low pollution in those metro cities. Every tourism activity affects the natural and built environment. The issue between tourism and environment has lot of complication, but to sustain it there are some strategies such as government has made plane to develop eco- tourism for this according to the requirement such as there is no any new construction will take place in preserved area for sanctuaries and other important places such as lakes and forest land. Changes can be made in old building such as government rest houses at hill station and sanctuaries. But, in fact those cost and expenditure on old construction is comparatively higher than new construction. On another side to develop or to sustain such sites, government and NGOs providing financial and knowledge about the eco- tourism to local people who surviving on the nature. For environmental sustainability government has chosen some part of Konkan in Mumbai, in this, the residence at those places are paid by government to develop their houses (Huts and Cottages) with amenities and other facilities but to ensure that life cycle of nature it should not be disturb. This is a really good example as well as strategy to understand the rural life at those places in touch with nature for next generation as well as the tourists from urban part also helps to increase income level and living standard (GoM, 2006). Economic sustainable strategies The economic Sustainability means the balance of rural and urban economics development. The government and private policy maker should consider reduction of rural as well as urban poverty in specific destination Shen et al., (2008). According to this as per mention earlier that currently the government and various private organization institutions working on the research area of Agriculture, nature (wildlife), medical (Health and safety), information technology-communication and at the end human resource development in the Maharashtra, to provide better employment opportunity to each people and to generate and increase the income level of each people and their standard of living. Now the current competitiveness shows that unbalance growth in various sector, such as labour on contract and seasonal basis. In short when the pinnacle period of any season starts then the employers often outsource the employment instead of local. The effect of this rises in dispute between local and outsourcing employee. The India is still developing country; Japan has been supporting in reconstruction of Ajanta caves in Maharashtra and Nalanda  University is an  ancient centre of higher learning  in  Bihar,  it was a  Buddhist  centre of learning from 427 to 1197 CE. The economics of Maharashtra has highly depend on long haul and outbound tourist whose spending capacity is more than domestic tourist, as per discuss earlier that the stake holders play an important role in development in sustainable economic growth through employment and taxation, such stake holders in Maharashtra as Taj, Oberoy, Hilton, Best Western Hotels, Hyatt and in tourism Thomas Cook, Cox and King, SOTC and Raj Travel and other well known tourism service providers. Social sustainable strategies: Stren and Poleses (2000) define social sustainability as development (and or growth) that is compatible with the harmonious evolution of civil society, fostering an environment conducive to the compatible cohabitation of culturally and socially diverse groups while at the same time encouraging social integration, with improvements in the quality of life for all segments of the population (Davidson, M., 2009). Sex tourism a new phenomenon issue, according to Nair, P., and Sen, S., (2005) that not all the tourists are sex tourists, some of them definitely are. The sex incident happened in Goa had significant effect on Goas tourism, in which there is use of young girls for sex and pornography, by giving them shelter. According to Cooper et al., (2008) the growth of such activities is often supported by a network of facilitators ranging from pimps and brothels through to the apparently more respectable taxi drivers and hotel workers. The internet has only added to the problem by creating an international communication network that can market these services on international scale. Also, there are lonely child labour in small scale industries and without family, and mostly international tourists who come to enjoy their vacation, consider that child is safe as they feel that the children dont have any Sexual Transfer Diseases (Nair, P., and Sen, S., 2005). According to this the people of Maharashtra, stays in various societies there is always up and down glimpses of society can be seen in the social contest. So therefore, social upliftment and improved quality of life through exchanging culture adopting changes in environments and social life. In the situation like natural calamities, the requirement of unity to overcome from natural and manmade unpleasant incidents can be seen in the people of Maharashtra. Though, there may any disputes between different origins of peoples culture. Whereas, Kulkarni G., (2010) say that people may argue that issue of environment is enough, the enormity of the problem demands that, if each one of people of Maharashtra without blaming to the government authority does their bit toward conserving and sustaining the environment. Then it will ready to lend a hand to next generation to sustain environment with low economic price Conclusion: As a consultant, that every destination and attractions consumer and providers should understand that sustainable and non sustainable culture. Then, only the specific growth in next 10-15 year long term period can be achieved without extra energy. Also, balance must be maintain between limits and usage so that continuous changing, monitoring and planning ensure that tourism can be managed properly in Maharashtra (GoM, 2006). There is various strategies can be followed to develop competitiveness in tourism, keep in mind the importance of sustainability such as: Education and training: Once, people get basic education or knowledge about the environment and the sustainability in their life, and then the improvement within them can lead to help to their respective destination. For example: local tourist guide training programme, which will help to understand the history as well as importance of the place by local people and how they can serve to the tourist on competitive level. For, this government institution at Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur and Nashik has been playing an important role to give education and training to the seekers. In private organization Taj and Oberoy institution has most influence on tourism industry management in Maharashtra. Equal opportunity: There should be put some lime light on rest part of Maharashtra, because current policies highly concentrated on Mumbai only, it provide lots of job and opportunities to the people of respective destination and attraction, so the govt and private organization should not ignore the immense potential available at other places of Maharashtra. They could concentrate on Agricultural tourism, medical tourism, heritage tourism, adventure tourism and wild life tourism etc. The role of researchers and professional in decision making process: It can play an important role policy and strategy analysis, in simple words to identify positive and negative points through various researches which conducted by professionals and scholars. Because, the management and the govern body is solely responsible for any changes in process of development in tourism some time it can lead damages. Safety and security: Tourist should not be a victim of any manmade and natural calamity; extra care should be taken by the local government and tour operator because of any vulnerability in case of woman or loss human of national and international countries can affects on the specific destination and the future tourists and their decisions. Decentralization and accountability: The process of operation and management involves variety of task and governing body, to reduce timescale the requirement of quick and perfect decision to make changes or implementation of original strategies. As well as keeping records of each event and financial transaction leads to clear accountability in the tourism sector. And can help to make better forecasting for tourism in Maharashtra.