The Different Development of the New England, Southern, and Middle Colo

The Different Development of the New England, Southern, and Middle ColoniesAmerica was a place for dreams and new beginnings, until white people arrived in 1607. Three groups sailed over the treacherous Atlantic from their cruel lives in England to set up peaceful religious colonies. The only problem is that they attempted to settle in their own way and all failed dismally. The New England, Middle and Southern Colonies grew differently over the period 1619-1760.Examining the three sets of colonies will prove that they were all different socially, economically, politically but not philosophically. Socially the three groups of colonies developed differently. The New England Colonies life was dominated by the Puritan religion. There was exigent observation of the Sabbath, people dressed in somber clothing, Christmas and birthdays were not celebrated and religious tolerance was not practiced. People supported each other to create a one-class system shopping mall class, a homogenous ba ckground. In the Middle Colonies the cosmopolitan population celebrated for any reason, wore the latest European Fashions and practiced religious toleration. They had a two-class system of stop number class landowners and middle class professionals living in large cities. In the Southern Colonies the plantations and cosmopolitan environment dominated social life. The Southern Colonies had a strict three class system upper class rich plantation owners, middle class small plantation owners, lower class ...

Automotive Electrical System :: automobile car vehicle electric system

The electrical system consist of the reservoir (alternator), the regulator, the battery, the methamphetamine hydrochloride, and of course all the necessary wiring.Generator (alternator)- The generator converts the mechanical energy, which it obtains from the crackshaft through a pulley and belt out system, into the electrical energy needed for liberation, lights, and all other electric accessories the vehicla contains. It also recharges the battery. The generator consist of two basic parts the Field Coils which create the magnetized field and the Armature Winding which rotates in the magnetic field producing a flow of current. Its common to have a fan attached to the generator to help sang-froid the system.Regulator- The regulator controls the generators output according to the needs of the electrical system.Battery- The battery stores electrical energy for starting the engine and the operating electrical units when the output produced by the generator is not sufficient. It pri nciple is to convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries atomic number 18 built in a series of cells, each producing approximately 2 volts. A 6 volt battery will then have 3 cells and a 12 volt battery will have 6 cells. The cells are all connected in series.Starting Motor (starter)- This is a special type of an electrical motor designed to crank the engine at a speed high enough to permit it to start. It is capable of operating under heavy overload and creates great power, but only for a short time. When the starter is engaged, the driving pinion gear, which is attached to its shaft, is thrust forward to engage the teeth of the flywheel. The flywheel rotates the crankshaft to which is mounted, thus cranking the engine. As soon as the engine starts up, the driving pinion is automatically disengaged from the flywheel. The ignition system is designed to transform the low voltage from the battery or generator to the high tension voltage required to produce the sparks th at flash the compressed mixture of air and fuel in the combustion chamber. This system consist of the ignition coil, the distributor, the spark plugs, and high and low tension wires.Ignition Coil- This is a transformer designed to step up the 6 or 12 volts from the battery to approximately 20,000 volts.Distributor- The distributor which is driven by the camshaft, sends the high tension current it recieves from the ignition coil to the proper spark plug at the correct instant that the corresponding piston reaches the top of the compression stroke.

Twelfth Night Essay: Feste is No Fool -- Twelfth Night essays

Feste is No Fool in Twelfth Night In more or less Shakespearean romantic comedies, there is a character that plays the part of a truth-teller. And in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night it is no different. Feste, a clown, through his mixed up words and songs enlightens the other characters whilst playing the role of the truth-teller. Through aiding the Duke with his patience, helping Viola with her love problems, and having a major role in Malvolios downfall, Feste holds one of the primary split of the play. Although Feste is a clown, he seems to be the most perceptive and knowledgeable of all the characters. He has an ability to be able to understand people and their problems. Throughout the play, the clown acts as the main link between the characters, clearing up any problems that arise. Willbern states that a bit of Festes seeming nonsense clarifies the situation (87). Proud of his expert skill, Feste attests that ... ...h of the characters passim the play. Although, he is a fool, he proves to be the farthest of all the characters, from being a fool. Works Cited and Consulted Bradley, A. C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York Penguin, 1991. Mack, Maynard. Everybodys Shakespeare Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Shakespeare. Othello. The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Ed. Rossi. New York Longman, 1999.

The Successes and Failures of the Zapatista Movement Essay -- Autonomy

The Successes and Failures of the Zapatista MovementOn January 1, 2004, over one thousand people in the mint hamlet of Oventic, Chiapas, celebrated the 10th anniversary of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) rebellion with song and dance. Thus, it seems a fitting time to take stock of the successes and failures of the Zapatista style in the context of its original goals. While the EZLN has been able to establish thirty eight autonomous indigenous communities in Chiapas, it has failed to weaken the Mexican governments commitment to neo-liberal economic policies. In the following pages, we will explore those factors which enabled the Zapatistas to establish regions of autonomy and extrapolate from Theotonio Dos Santos understanding of the effects of reliance on foreign capital and Nora Hamiltons synopsis of the limits to state autonomy to rationalize the failure of the Zapatistas broader vision of social justice. In a letter to President Zedillo in 1994, Subcomanda nte Marcos of the EZLN demanded ?democracy, liberty and justice? for all Mexicans. These nationalist ideals were supplemented by practical demands to meet the needs of the impoverished and exploited indigenous peoples of Mexico. In 1993, the EZLN promoted an indigenous struggle ?for work, land, housing, food, health care, education, independence, freedom, democracy, justice and peace. We declare that we will not checker fighting until the basic demands of our people have been met by forming a government of our country that is free and democratic.? By the late nineties, the struggle for indigenous autonomy had break ?the central basis of the Zapatista movement.? Since 1994, the Zapatistas have made significant gains... ...94. ?Over 20,000 Zapatistas take San Cristobal.? http//www.nadir.org/nadir/initiativ/agp/free/mexico/2003/0103 take_san_cristobal.htm. 2/22/04Pastor, Jr., Kevin, and Carol Wise. ?Mexican-Style Neoliberalism State Policy and distributional Stress.? in T he Post NAFTA Political Economy Mexico and the Western Hemisphere, Carol Wise, ed. University Park Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998. ?Plan Puebla-Panama.? Nafinsa Securities, Inc. http//www.nafinsa.com/planpueblapanama.htm. 3/17/04Ross, John. ?The Zapatistas at Ten.? NACLA, Vol. xxxvii, No. 3, November/December, 2003 pp. 11-16. Trudeau, Robert. Guatemalan Politics The Popular Struggle for Democracy. Boulder L. Rienner, 1993.?Zapatista movement marks 10th anniversary.? http//www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/americas/ 01/01/mexico.zapatista.anniversary.ap/. 2/22/04.

Nonverbal Communication Essay -- Functions of Communication

anchor information states that nonverbal communication is the process of transporting messages through behaviors, physical characteristics and objects. Its how and what we use in order to express our feelings and say things. Using symbols is a way of using nonverbal communication. Also nonverbal communication is the way we use body words and gestures too. Nonverbal communication is often used unconsciously. When using the certain communication it can be misinterpreted also. There are many different categories of nonverbal communication. They are the following Aesthetics, Artifacts, Chronemics, Haptics, Kinesics, Paralanguage, Physical Appearance, Proxemics, and Oculesics. Aesthetics is the study of nature, beauty and taste. Found information states that Aesthetics refer to environmental factors and how they are manipulated to influence our feelings and emotions. When referring to environmental factors it was including colors, lighting, spatial arrangement, and sounds. Found informa tion also states that we manipulate environmental factors to affect mood by controlling the setting. For example, you may change the lighting in the room to a dim to give a romantic mood for someone. Aesthetics is used in many different ways. Artifacts are things we use to express us individually. Its our physical appearance. Meaning the clothes we wear. Also, the objects we wear too. These things are used to describe/ tell who we are. For example, uniforms are art...

Nonverbal Communication Essay -- Functions of Communication

Found information states that nonverbal communication is the process of transporting messages through behaviors, personal characteristics and objects. Its how and what we intent in order to extend our feelings and say things. Using symbols is a way of using nonverbal communication. Also nonverbal communication is the way we use body language and gestures too. Nonverbal communication is often used unconsciously. When using the certain communication it can be misinterpreted also. There are many distinct categories of nonverbal communication. They are the following Aesthetics, Artifacts, Chronemics, Haptics, Kinesics, Paralanguage, Physical Appearance, Proxemics, and Oculesics. Aesthetics is the study of nature, beauty and taste. Found information states that Aesthetics refer to environmental factors and how they are manipulated to influence our feelings and emotions. When referring to environmental factors it was including colors, lighting, spatial arrangement, and sounds. Found in formation also states that we manipulate environmental factors to affect mood by controlling the setting. For example, you may change the lighting in the room to a dim to give a romantic mood for someone. Aesthetics is used in many different ways. Artifacts are things we use to express us individually. Its our physical appearance. Meaning the clothes we wear. Also, the objects we wear too. These things are used to describe/ tell who we are. For example, uniforms are art...

Corporate Events in Intramuros

University of the Philippines Manila National Graduate Office for the Health Sciences How Many incorporate Events on a particular week sidereal day in intramural? Sherry Ann N. Sh ars 2014- 85177 2014-2015/ 1st semester Master in Management / College of Arts and Sciences Problem of the Study How many Corporate Events on a particular week day in internal?Introduction of the Study Corporate resultant role Is an event sponsored by a corporation for the purpose of cleaving specific goals and objectives such as entertain customers, Introducing and promoting new products or services, or providing Incentives or training for employees, as well as other activities (Wiley International Dictionary of Event control all sanctioned principles of project management (Mastitis, P. , & Tooled, W. , 2002). Based on research, the beas of management for corporeal events are the if scope, time, cost, risk, content, human resources, procurement, and communication.Thus, there is a need to identify t hat factors that is relative to the number of corporate events per day. Locale of the study The locale of the study is Intramural which is suited in Manila City. It is a 64-hectare tone citadel, founded by the Spanish in 1571, and has withstood wars, natural disasters and nonparallel waves of colonial invaders, and such stands as a metaphor of Manila itself. (http//content. Time. Com/time/travel/citywide/article/ Intramural is a Latin word mean within the walls. A place or monument of the Spanish period in the Philippine history.It is also known as the Walled City. It is one of the top dog tour destination in the Philippines. Fig. 1 Map of Intramural Hypothesis Hon. No. Of corporate events per day is non relative with the span of time of the event Ha No. F corporate events per day is significantly relative to the day of the week. Research Methods This presents the methods used in the research and the respondents of the study to ruck the data needed. Methods The instrument and method being used in gathering the necessary data. Interview.Used by the detective to the gather the primary source of data, it also gave the researchers the opportunity to gather the bring up of events in Intramural. Furthermore, it gave the opportunity to clarify issues concerning the problem. Walk-in Observation. The observation was also an excellent source of data. The research decided to doings walk-in observation at the last minute of the study since the hotel do non provide information on their corporate events. Respondents There are two respondents/source of the study The Flyleaf Hotel and the Intramural Administration. The Flyleaf Hotel. The only hotel inside Intramural.Launched in November 2011, this boutique hotel promises a restful experience for its guests given its 5 star quality beddings, room amenities and a extensive bathroom (http//www. Tableland. Com. PH/ about-us). Intramural Administration (IA). A national government agency created on April 10, 1979, under Presidential Decree 1616. It is tasked to restore the Walled City of Intramural and develop it into a prime urban tourist destination. Siss objective is to make this city within a city socially, economically and culturally viable once more while as a main center of tourist activity in the City of Manila.It is involved not only in the restoration besides also in urban renewal and income generation (IA leaflet). Data Gathering The researcher gathered data from a hotel (Flyleaf Hotel) and government agency (Intramural Administration). The information from the hotel were sole(prenominal) which exulted to a walk-in observation and sampling. On the other hand, data gathering through the government agency was easier through their list and schedule of corporate events for the grade 2014. The researcher also read articles and books on Corporate Events Management and other related topics to the study.The Flyleaf Hotel. On a phone interview with Ms. Marie Toleration, Sales Manager of The Fl yleaf, they could not provide the information needed. She also said that most of the events held at the hotel were exclusive and not open to the public. Since the researcher id not gathered information from the hotel, it resulted to the conduct of a walk-in random sampling at the last minute Just to have the number of events in a hotel and a comparison of data. The researcher conducted a random walk-in sampling on the number of events in the hotel on August 27, 2014 (Wednesday) and August 29, 2014 (Thursday).It was found-out that there is no corporate event held in said hotel on August 27, 2014 and there were four (4) corporate events on August 28, 2014. Intramural Administration (IA). The researcher conducted interview with the Tourism Promotion incision of the IA. The IA has the authority among the public places and venues inside Intramural. All of the events within the vicinity of the Intramural is and must be approved by the IA thus the said agency has the list of the approved corporate events for the year (2014).Data Presentation and Analysis This presents the data gathered based on the information gathered from the IA and the Flyleaf Hotel in Intramural. Table 1 . Corporate Events at the Flyleaf Hotel (August 25-31, 2014) DAYS OF THE WEEK (August 25-31, 2014) No. Of corporate events (Frequency) Monday No data gathered Tuesday Wednesday Thursday 4 Saturday Sunday TOTAL Based on a two-day observation of the corporate events held at the Flyleaf Intramural, it shows that one day of the week (Wednesday) has no corporate event and on the other day of the week (Thursday) has 4 events.These events are meeting and trainings of the employees of different corporation. So, it is not open to public. Data also shows that the week of day or the schedule of the event is relative on the number of events per day. Though, it could not be concluded since it is only a two-day observation. Table 2. Corporate Event per Day of the Week in Intramural Noun 9 15, 2014) DAYS OF T HE WEEK (JUNE 9-15, 2014) Friday 3 Table 2 shows that data gathered from the Intramural Administration on a random sampling of a week of the year 2014, it shows that there are only three days (3) in a week with an event and each day has only one event.

Can Classical and Operant Conditioning Account for the Development of Phobias?

Can unsullied and operant conditioning account for the ontogeny of phobias? Classical conditioning involves pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus then produces a conditioned response. Operant conditioning then refers to associations between the response and the outcome. The following essay will examine evidence supporting classical and operant conditioning as a cause of phobias.Other theories, much(prenominal) as biological and evolutionary, will also be taken into account, as conditioning theory is criticised for a number of reasons. Psychologists bedevil suggested phobias develop as a consequence of conditioning, and many phobics can remember a specific chronological succession which caused the onset of their phobia (Freud, 1909 Ost and Hugdahl, 1981). However, research suggests it is not necessary for a specific episode to occur to change behaviour. Kirsch et al (2004) studied rats in a maze.They were left to explore before f ood was introduced, at which point errors in the rats route finished the maze were reduced significantly. This suggests the rats learned to navigate when they were not reinforced for learning, and they formed cognitive maps without reinforcement. This evidence of latent learning suggests learning can occur without classical conditioning. Davey (1992) also found many phobics do not remember a particular aversive conditioning episode, claiming they have had their phobia since they could remember.This suggests their phobia may have developed without conditioning. Instead there may be, for example, a biological aspect of developing phobias. There are certain phobias, such as for snakes and spiders, which are to a greater extent common than others. Mineka and Ohman (2002) suggested primates and humans can quickly associate these objects with stimulate events because they have evolved to do so these objects posed a threat to their ancestors.To support this evoluntionary theory, wee and Mineka (1989) exposed monkeys to various objects, and found they easily acquired new terrors of toy snakes and crocodiles, but did not develop fears of flowers. They suggested this is because they had no prior exposure to flowers in a frightening episode. While this research may still suggest conditioning theory is a factor in the development of phobias, as the primates still learnt to fear the object, evolution may also be a factor of phobia development.

African American Identity Essay

It was a hot August day as sweat beat down on Thomas Jefferson cook. He had been working in the field 2 hours before the hot sun had made its presence known. He looked back over the drying field, hoping that this crop would provide for his family founder than last years crop had. Thomas watched his oldest son, Nathan, who worked down champion row of the field while staring intently at the cotton plants as he picked the cotton.Nathan was a very inquisitive young man who had just yesterday asked his father what it was like beingness a slave for Mr. Walter Johnson. When his father had told him that in a lot of ways life was so much easier than now, Nathan had given him a look that every(prenominal)owed Thomas to know that his son could non understand. How could he understand? Nathan had not grown up a slave and seen that while it was extremely difficult, there was a feeling of stability to life then.Yes, Thomas Jefferson Brown had traveld the beatings and yes he had watched as hi s Mother and eventually his sisters had been sexually assaulted, unless how do you tell a young man such as Nathan that such was the way of life it was to be expected, along with the comfort of knowing where your next meal was going to come from. Since Tomas had been freed after the great war, He s and his family had endured much more than than that having watched the lynching of twain of his brothers and numerous friends.They were the lucky ones though, Thomas thought, while looking up at the fiery ball of heat known as the sun. They did not use up to endure other profoundships their suffering was over. Yes it was hard for Nathan to know that life was indeed easier as a slave than a freed man, and maybe, just maybe, things would change during Nathans lifetime. Thomas Jefferson Brown wiped his brow once more and continued on picking the cotton? Even though the civil war ended in 1865, African Americans so far faced an uphill battle to obtain rights that were afforded other Ame ricans.This was in spite of the fact that 24 African American soldiers earned our Nations highest honor the Congressional ornament of Honor, during the Civil War. Even with the passing of the 13th Amendment in 1865 banning slavery and the 14th Amendment giving African Americans citizenship and equal protection under the law, there were cool it so many other issues that would deprive African Americans of their lawful rights, such as having the first African American elected into the 41st Congress in 1869 continuing through 1901 with the 57th congress, which had no African Americans.This trend would continue until the election of 1929 before another African American was elected to congress. In 1873 the Supreme hook decision ruled that the 14th-Amendment guarantee of equal protection of the laws extended totally to federal civil rights, thus removing southern states from the duty to protect the civil rights of African Americans, plainly it was just not their rights that were taken solely their lives as well. Between 1882 and the end of 1900, 1751 African Americans and 1105 white Americans were lynched for trying to further the African American develop (National).Given all of this discrimination and violence, it is hard to imagine that anyone would be willing to further the African American cause, but many stood ready to not only give of themselves, but perhaps even to give their life for this noble cause. African American writers were presented with these problems of equality and self esteem, and yet have truly modify and continue to bind a freed people, to obtain all of their rights. What follows is from three writers who each in his own way contributed mightily to the African American cause. They are W. E.B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, and Glen Loury. First, we have W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt) Dubois, who was born on February 23, 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Dubois was one of the most influential black leaders of the first half of the 20 th Century. Dubois shared in the intromission of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, or NAACP, in 1909. He served as its director of research and editor of its magazine Crisis until 1934. He was the first African American to graduate from Harvard University, which he accomplished in 1896.At first, Dubois thought that African Americans could be freed through the Social Sciences, but quickly became disillusioned with this persuasion and began to believe that freedoms could only come about by agitation and protest(Chew). Dubois recognized that the African Americans of his day faced many problems, not the to the lowest degree of which were of the life threatening variety. After his disillusionment with helping African Americans through the social sciences, Dubois thought that African Americans needed to develop their own culture, which was definitely more American than African.Dubois enjoyed the unique African American culture, particularly that of the Neg ro spiritual songs. Dubois thought that African Americans should not give in to what white Americans expectations were of African Americans, but to continue to develop as a people. Dubois wrote that all people regardless of their culture, heritage, sex, should be treated as equals. Dubois also thought that African Americans should not agitate about competing with the creative activity as a group, but that they should join together to help each other.He eventually was forced to leave the United States because the organization considered Dubois an agent of the Soviet Union. That is why he immigrated to Ghana, first obtaining Ghana citizenship, joined the communist party and eventually died there in 1963. Dubois was there for all future African Americans to follow his example. Dubois founding of the NAACP led to many victories for the rights of all Americans, most of which he never saw. Next we have Marcus Mosiah Garvey, who was born in Jamaica on 17 August 1887.Mr. Garvey is best remembered as a pivotal figure in the struggle for racial equality, not just in the United States but end-to-end the world as well. He founded the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) and African Communities League in 1914 while still in Jamaica, and also championed the back to Africa movement of the 1920s. Of the Africans who departed, Garvey thought, both(prenominal) had left independently while others were brutally removed for economic gain and exploitation.Garvey perceived that the main problems facing not only African Americans, but Africans as well was that they must first go back to Africa and free their African brothers before moving on to other parts of the world. Through the organizations that Garvey had formed (UNIA and ACL), he reasoned that until Africa is free and redeemed, not only in name but in reality, no one would be free, Black or White. Garvey reasoned that no matter what ones race was we are all bound together by the Creator, which is Spirit. The Cr eator has a purpose for everyone and that purpose did not take being made a slave or subject to anyone for that matter.While Dubois and Garvey did not see eye to eye on the issues involving African Americans, Garvey did align himself close with Dr Robert Love, and Dr Loves teachings that a race could progress no further than the dignity and esteem of their women and younger girls. Garvey and Love thought that the best way to plant the seeds of dignity and self-confidence would be through the woman and younger girl. Last, we have Glen Loury, who was born in 1948. Mr. Loury is a professor of economics at Boston University while also being a consultant to the Federal Trade Commission. Mr.Loury has devoted a major portion of his career to the study of race and public policy. He is the author of On the Need for Moral Leadership in the Black Community, Responsibility and Race, Impact of Affirmative Action on Equal Opportunity A New Look, and most recently A New American Dilemma. Mr. Lou ry saw many problems facing not only African American, but also all Americans, including the civil rights policies of 1960-1985, which seemed to have been based on equality of outcome rather than on equality of opportunity. Mr. Loury also thought that affirmative achievement policies created backlash.Loury maintained that all Americans should have equal rights with none being given favorable treatment over any other. Loury reasoned that it is hard to justify denying ingress to an elite college to anyone who struggled to be able to pass the admissions exam while admitting a member of a designated minority group, who did not work near as hard to earn his score and is only admitted based on his minority status. Such actions build resentment towards these policies and are only heightened when defenders of the policies claim that to question these policies is to engage in a racist act.Mr. Loury contends that giving preferential treatment with no sound explanation only led to more heigh tened tensions and is a very grievous fracture on the part of those who merely wish to be advocates of affirmative action. Loury did see, that there was a proper use of affirmative action, such as on patrol forces around the country that had a significant percentage of African American citizens and yet none on the police force. These Authors present their own conclusions and reasonings for what happened to the African Americans previous to, and of their own time.These writers used the influences of other African Americans and were also pioneers themselves. All of these writers believed in equality for everyone and thus did share at least one common goal. In Mr. Dubois we have a writer and scholar who originally thought that through a study of Social Sciences and doing what was right could African Americans fuck off their rights, and yet Dubois was able to refocus and remain firm in his opinions of helping each other and thus able to help not only the African Americans of his gene ration, but the ones to follow as well. Mr.Dubois saw all of the problems besetting African Americans and knew that they must unite, working together, to build a culture of their own, that would allow all African Americans to have a correct life. Mr. Garvey on the other hand, perceived that until the rights and freedoms were restored in the entire African continent, Africans elsewhere would always be treated as second-class citizens. Garvey along with Dr Robert Love, thought that it was through the African women, especially the younger women, that Africans had a chance to make a difference in providing a better future. Mr.Loury saw problems that came about because of the Civil Rights movement, and that African Americans should not merely rely on being a minority to get ahead in life, but instead grab the opportunity that was before them so as not to create a political backlash. Each of these writers have stood their ground for what they believe in, and our world we live in today is better for it. Each of these writers, in their own time, helped frame not just African Americans lives but has truly transformed and continues to support a freed people, obtain all, of their rights. Works Cited Chew, Robin W. E. B.Dubois Sociologist, Author & Civil Rights Leader 1868 ? 1963 February 26, 2005. 6 Feb 2006 Dr Coony, Mark Race and Affirmative Action 6 Feb 2006 Du Bois, W. E. B. Of our Spiritual Strivings. heathenish Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 131-145 Garvey, Marcus Motive of the NAACP Exposed Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 153-154 Loury, Glenn. Free at Last? A Personal perspective on Race ad Identity in America. Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past.Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 173-180 Marcus Garvey Biography November 2000, K. W. Spence-Lewis Consultant Researcher Community Health and supplying Plant Science. The Making of African American Identity VOL II 1863-1917 National liberal arts Center 6 Feb 06 Bibliography Chew, Robin W. E. B. Dubois Sociologist, Author & Civil Rights Leader 1868 ? 1963 February 26, 2005. 6 Feb 2006 Dr Coony, Mark Race and Affirmative Action 6 Feb 2006 Du Bois, W. E. B. Of our Spiritual Strivings. Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al.Boston Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 131-145 Garvey, Marcus Motive of the NAACP Exposed Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 153-154 Loury, Glenn. Free at Last? A Personal Perspective on Race ad Identity in America. Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 173-180 Marcus Garvey Biography November 2000, K. W. Spence-Lewis Consultant Researcher Community Health and Planning Plant Science. The Making of African American Identity VOL II 1863-1917 National Humanities Center 6 Feb 06.

A Short History of Nearly Everything Essay

A Short Hi fabrication of or so E trulything is a general learning phonograph record by Ameri dismiss author tiptop Bryson that explains nearly areas of science, using a elbow room of language which aims to be to a greater extent accessible to the oecumenical public than more some(prenominal) other books dedicated to the subject. It was atomic number 53 of the bestselling popular science books of 2005 in the UK, selling over 300,000 copies.1instead describing general sciences such(prenominal) as chemistry, paleontology, astronomy, and particle physics. In it, he explores time from the Big Bang to the discoin truth of quantum mechanics, via growing and geology. Bryson tells the story of science through the stories of the tribe who make the discoveries, such as Edwin Hubble, Isaac normality, and Albert Einstein.BackgroundBill Bryson wrote this book because he was dissatisfied with his scientific know leadge that was, non much at either. He writes that science was a distant, unexplained subject at school. Textbooks and teachers alike did non ignite the passion for knowledge in him, primarily because they never delved in the whys, hows, and whens. It was as if the textbook writer wanted to keep the beloved stuff secret by making all of it soberly unfathomable. Bryson, on the relegate of science books used within his school.2 editContentsBryson describes graphically and in laypersons terms the size of the universe, and that of atoms and subatomic particles. He then explores the history of geology and biology, and traces deportment from its first appearance to todays modern humans, placing emphasis on the development of the modern Homo sapiens. Furthermore, he discusses the possibility of the estates creation struck by a meteor, and reflects on human capabilities of spotting a meteor before it impacts the Earth, and the extensive damage that such an nonwithstandingt would cause. He in both case focuses on some of the most recent destruct ive disasters of vol screwingic origin in the history of our planet, including Krakatoa and Yellowstone National Park.A large part of the book is prone to relating humorous stories active the scientists behind the research and discoveries and their sometimes eccentric behaviours. Bryson also speaks about modern scientific views on human effects on the Earths climate andlivelihood of other species, and the magnitude of natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and the mass extinctions caused by some of these events. The book does, however, contain a weigh of factual errors and inaccuracies.3 An illustrated edition of the book was released in November 2005.4 A few editions in Audiobook degree are also available, including an abridged version read by the author, and at least three unabridged versions. editAwards and reviewsThe book received generally favourable reviews, with reviewers citing the book as informative, well written and highly entertaini ng.567 However, some feel that the content might be un kindle to an audience with prior knowledge of history or the sciences.8 In 2004, this book won Bryson the prestigious Aventis Prize for best general science book.9 Bryson later donated the GBP10,000 prize to the Great Ormond Street Hospital childrens charity.10 In 2005, the book won the EU Descartes Prize for science communication.11 It was shortlisted for the Samuel Johnson Prize for the same year.Unremitting scientific effort over the past 300 old age has yielded an astonishing amount of information about the world we inhabit. By rights we ought to be actually impressed and extremely interested. Unfortunately many another(prenominal) of us simply arent. Far from attracting the best candidates, science is proving a less and less popular subject in schools. And, with a few notable exceptions, popular books on scientific topics are a rare bird in the bestseller lists. Bill Bryson, the travel-writing phenomenon, thinks he kno ws what has gone wrong. The anaemic, life storyless prose of standard science textbooks, he argues, smothers at birth our innate curiosity about the natural world. Reading them is a chore rather than a transit of discovery. Even books written by leading scientists, he complains, are overly often clogged up with impenetrable jargon. Just like the alchemists of old, scientists name a regrettable tendency to vaile their secrets with mistie speech. Science, John Keats sulked, will clip an Angels wings, / Conquer all mysteries by rule and line. Bryson turns this on its head by blaming the messenger rather than the message.Robbing character of its mystery is whathe thinks most science books do best. But, unlike Keats, he doesnt believe that this is at all indispensable. We whitethorn be living in societies less ready to believe in magic, miracles or afterlives, but the sublime remains. Rather as Richard Dawkins has argued, Bryson insists that the results of scientific study can be wo ndrous and very often are so. The trick is to write about them in a way that makes them comprehensible without crushing natures mystique. Bryson provides a lesson in how it should be through. The prose is just as one would expect energetic, quirky, old(prenominal) and humorous. Brysons great skill is that of lightly holding the readers hand throughout building up such trust that topics as recondite as atomic weights, relativity and particle physics are sheared of their terrors.The amount of ground covered is truly impressive. From the furthest reaches of cosmology, we range through time and space until we are flavor at the smallest particles. We explore our own planet and get to grips with the ideas, first of Newton and then of Einstein, that allow us to understand the laws that govern it. Then biology holds centre-stage, heralding the emergence of big-brained bipeds and Charles Darwins singular notion as to how it all came about. Crucially, this hugely varied terrain is not pre sented as a series of discrete packages. Bryson made his name writing travelogues and that is what this is. A single, co herent journey, woven in concert by a master craftsman. The books underlying strength lies in the fact that Bryson knows what its like to find science dull or inscrutable. Unlike scientists who turn their hand to popular writing, he can claim to have spent the vast majority of his life to date knowing very little about how the universe change by reversals.Tutored by many of the leading scientists in each of the dozens of fields he covers, he has brought to the book some of the in bolt(p) insights together with an cockeyedly gossipy tone. His technique was to keep going back to the experts until each in turn was happy, in effect, to sign off the account of their work he had put together. In short, hes done the hard work for us. Bryson enlivens his accounts of difficult concepts with entertaining historical vignettes. We learn, for example, of the Victorian natu ralist whose scientific endeavours include serving up mole and spider to his guests and of the Norwegian palaeontologist who miscounted the number of fingers and toes on one of the most important dodo finds of recent history and wouldnt let anyone else have a look atit for more than 48 years.Bryson has called his book a history, and he has the modern historians taste for rotund it how it was. Scientists, like all tribes, have a predilection for foundation myths. But Bryson isnt afraid to let the cat out of the bag. The nonsense of Darwins alleged(a) Eureka moment in the Galapagos, when he spotted variations in the size of finch beaks on different islands, is swiftly dealt with. As is the fanciful notion of palaeontologist Charles Doolittle Walcott chancing on the fossil-rich Burgess Shales after his horse slipped on a wet track. So much for clarity and local colour. What about romance? For Bryson this clearly lies in natures infinitudes.The sheer improbability of life, the incomp rehensible vastness of the cosmos, the ineffable smallness of elementary particles, and the imponderable counter-intuitiveness of quantum mechanics. He tells us, for example, that every living cell contains as many working parts as a Boeing 777, and that prehistoric dragonflies, as big as ravens, flew among giant trees whose roots and trunks were covered with mosses 40 metres in height. It sounds very impressive. Not all readers will consider it sublime, but its hard to imagine a better rough guide to science. John Waller is research ally at the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine and author of Fabulous Science Fact and Fiction in the History of Scientific Discovery (OUP)What has propelled this popular science book to the New York Times Best Seller List? The answer is simple. It is superbly written. Author Bill Bryson is not a scientist far from it. He is a professional writer, and hitherto researching his book was quite ignorant of science by his own admission. I d idnt know what a proton was, or a protein, didnt know a quark from a quasar, didnt understand how geologists could look at a layer of rock on a canyon wall and tell you how old it was, didnt know anything actually, he tells us in the Introduction. But Bryson got curious about these and many other things Suddenly, I had a powerful, uncharacteristic urge toknow something about these matters and to understand how people figure them out. All of us should be lucky to be so curious. teen children are. Thats why theyre called little scientists. New to the world and without inhibitions, they relentlessly ask questions about it. And Bill Brysons curiosity led him to some good questions too How does anybody know how much the Earth weighs or how old its rocks are or what really is way down in that respect in the center? How can they scientists know how and when the Universe started and what it was like when it did? How do they know what goes on inside an atom? The Introduction also tells us that the great amazements for Bryson are how scientists worked out such things. His book is a direct result of addressing these issues. It is superbly written. usual science writers should study this book. A Short History of Nearly Everything serves a great get for those who know little about science. The deep questions whitethorn not necessarily be explicitly presented but many of the answers are.The reader gets to journey along the paths that led scientists to some amazing discoveries all this in an extremely simple and enjoyable book. The prose is extraordinarily well written with lively, entertaining thoughts and many clever and witty lines. Consider, for example, Chapter 23 on The Richness of Being. It begins Here and in that respect in the Natural History Museum in London, built into recesses along the underlit corridors or standing between glass cases of minerals and ostrich eggs and a century or so of other productive clutter, are secret doors at least secret in the se nse that there is nothing about them to attract the visitors notice. This opening sentence really captures the atmosphere of a natural history museum. It is full of vivid descriptions and contains the smartly constructed, paradoxical phrase productive clutter.The next paragraph begins to make the point The Natural History Museum contains some seventy million objects from every realm of life and every corner of the planet, with another hundred thousand or so added to the collection each year, but it is really only behind the scenes that you get a sense of what a treasure house this is. In cupboards and cabinets and long rooms full of close-packed shelves are kept tens of thousands of pickled animals in bottles, millions of insects pinned to squares of card, drawers of glassy mollusks, bones of dinosaurs, skulls of early humans, endless folders of neatly pressed plants. It is a little like wandering through Darwins brain.And later We wandered through a cloudiness of departments whe re people sat at large tables doing intent, investigative things with arthropods and palm fronds and boxes of yellowed bones. Everything there was an air of unhurried thoroughness, of people being engaged in a gigantic endeavor that could never be completed and mustnt be rushed. In 1967, I had read, the museum issued its report on the John Murray Expedition, an Indian Ocean survey, forty-five years after the expedition had concluded. This is a world where things move at their own pace, including the tiny lift Fortey and I shared with a scholarly looking elderly man with whom Fortey chatted genially and familiarly as we proceeded upwards at about the rate that sediments are laid down. Often Bryson ends a paragraph with an ludicrous line.You find very few popular science books so well written. With the exception of Surely Youre Joking, Mr. Feynman, it is hard to think of even one that is witty. Popular science writers should study this book. I Bryson didnt know a quark from a quasar . . . Sometimes even quoting writers rather than scientists and original ancestors, Bryson draws extensively from other books. For example, most of Chapter 21, whose focus is largely on the Burgess Shale fossils and the Cambrian explosion, is taken from Stephen Jay Goulds Wonderful Life. And much of the rest of Chapter 21 is based on whole kit and caboodle by Richard Fortey and Goulds other books. The author does not hide this. Titles are cited in the text, chapter notes provide quotes from books, and there is a lengthy bibliography. Given that Bryson in not a scientist, it is surprising how few errors there are in A Short History of Nearly Everything. Here are a couple that the rung at Jupiter Scientific uncovered On what would happen if an asteroid struck Earth, Bryson writes, Radiating outward at almost the fixity of light would be the sign shock wave, sweeping everything before it. In reality, the shock wave would travel only at about 10 kilometers per second, which, altho ugh very fast, is considerably less than the speed of light of 300,000 kilometers per second. Shortly thereafter, one reads Within an hour, a cloud of blackness would cover the planet . . . It would take a few weeks for this to occur. The book gives the number of cells in the human body as ten-thousand trillion, but the best estimates are considerably less about50 trillion. Heres how one might look on the number. A typical man and a typical cell in the human body respectively weigh 80 kilograms and 4 10-9 grams. So there are about (80,000 grams per human)/(4 10-9 grams per cell) = 2 1013 cells per human, or twenty-trillion cells. By the way, since the number of microbes in or on the human body has been estimated to be one-hundred trillion, people probably have more foreign living organisms in them then cells In the Chapter The Mighty Atom, it is written, They atoms are also fantastically durable. Because they are so long lived, atoms really get around. Every atom you possess has a lmost sure passed through several stars and been part of millions of organisms on its way to becoming you.We are each so atomically numerous and so vigorously recycled at death that a significant number of our atoms up to a billion for each us, it has been suggested probably once belonged to Shakespeare. close of this paragraph is correct, but because atoms are stripped of there electrons in stars, Bryson should have said, . . . the nuclei of every atom you possess has most likely passed through several stars . . . i might be shocked that each of the 6 trillion or so humans on Earth have so many of Shakespeares atoms in them. However, Jupiter Scientific has done an analysis of this problem and the figure in Bryons book is probably low It is likely that each of us has about 200 billion atoms that were once in Shakespeares body. Bryson also exaggerates the portrayals of some scientists Ernest Rutherford is said to be an overpowering force, Fred Hoyle a complete weirdo, Fritz Zwi cky an utterly abrasive astronomer, and Newton a total paranoiac.Surely the descriptions of these and other scientists are distorted. From a scientific point of view, most topics are treated superficially. This renders the book of little interest to a scientist. Here are some examples of witty lines that finish paragraphs The concluding remarks on Big Bang Nucleosynthesis go In three minutes, 98 percent of all the matter there is or will ever be has been produced. We have a universe. It is a place of the most wondrous and gratifying possibility, and beautiful, too. And it was all done in about the time it takes to make a sandwich. On the Superconducting Supercollider, the huge particle accelerator that was to be built in Texas, Bill Bryson notes, In mayhap the finest example in history of pouring money into a hole in the ground, Congress spent $2 billion on the project, then canceled it in 1993after fourteen miles of tunnel had been dug. So Texas now boasts the most expensive hole i n the universe.Chapter 16 discusses some of the health benefits of certain elements. For example, cobalt is necessary for the production of vitamin B12 and a minute amount of sodium is good for your nerves. Bryson ends one paragraph with Zinc bless it oxidizes alcohol. (Zinc plays an important role in allowing alcohol to be digested.) On Earths atmosphere, the author notes that the troposphere, that part of the lower atmosphere that contains the air we breathe, is between 6 and 10 miles thick. He concludes, There really isnt much between you and oblivion. In talking about the possibility of a sizeable asteroid striking Earth, Bryson at one point writes, As if to stress just un-novel the idea had become by this time, in 1979, a Hollywood studio actually produced a movie called Meteor (Its five miles spacious . . . Its coming at 30,000 m.p.h. and theres no place to hide) starring Henry Fonda, Natalie Wood, Karl Malden, and a very large rock. From a scientific point of view, most topics are treated superficially. This renders the book of little interest to a scientist, but has certain advantages for the layperson.In some cases, emphasis is not stipulation to the most important issue. Bryson simply lacks the insight and judgement of a trained scientist. Chapter One on the Big Bang is particularly difficult for the author. There is too much discussion on inflation and on the many-universe theory. Inflation, which is the idea that the space underwent a tremendous stretching at a tiny fraction of a second after the beginning, is consistent with astronomical observations, is theoretically attractive but has no confirming evidence yet. The multi-universe theory, which proposes that our universe is only one of many and disconnected from the others, is complete speculation. On the other hand, Bryson neglects events that have been observationally established. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, in which the nuclei of the three lightest elements were made, is glossed over in o ne paragraph.Recombination, the process of electrons combining with nuclei to form atoms, is not covered an unfortunate omission because it is the source of the cosmic microwave oven background radiation (When nuclei capture electrons, radiation is given off). Bryson simply refers to the cosmic microwave background radiation as something left over from the Big Bang, a description lacking true insight. As another example of set emphasis, much of the chapter entitledWelcome to the Solar System, is on Pluto and its discovery and on how school charts poorly convey the vast distances between planets. Although the Sun is not even treated, Bryson ends the discussion with So thats your solar system. Here is another example in which Brysons lack of scientific training hurts the content of the book. In Chapter 27 entitled Ice Time, he discusses as through it happened with certainty the Snowball Earth.It, however, is a very controversial proposal in which the entire planet was engulfed in ic e at the end of the Proterozoic Era. The book says, Temperatures plunged by as much as 80 degrees Fahrenheit. The entire surface of the planet may have frozen solid, with ocean ice up to a half mile thick at high latitudes and tens of yards thick even in the tropics. eon it is true that this period was the most severe ice age ever to transpire on Earth, it is unlikely that the weather became so cold as to bring on the conditions described in the above quote. Then the chapter on hominid development does the opposite by presenting the situation as highly unknown and debatable. It is true that the fossil record for the transition from apes to Homo sapiens is quite fragmentary and that anthropologists are dividerd over certain important issues such as how to draw the lines between species to develop the family tree, how Homo sapiens spread over the globe and what caused brain size to increase.However, the overall pattern of homonid evolution is understood. The reader gets to journey along the paths that led scientists to some amazing discoveries all this in an extremely simple and enjoyable book. Bryson has a nice way of summarizing atoms The way it was explained to me is that protons give an atom its identity, electrons its personality. The number of protons in the center of an atom, also known as the atomic number, determines the element type. Hydrogen has one proton, helium two, lithium three and so on. The electrons of an atom, or more precisely the outer(prenominal) or valence electrons, determine how the atom binds to other atoms. The binding properties of an atom determines how it behaves chemically. Every important topic in A Short History of Nearly Everything can be found in Jupiter Scientifics book The Bible According to Einstein, which presents science in the language and format of the Bible. Jupiter Scientific has made available online many sections of this book.This review, which has been produced by Ian Johnston of Malaspina University-College, is in the public domain, and may be used by anyone, in whole or in part, without permission and without charge, provided the source is acknowledgedreleased October 2004. For comments or questions please contact Ian Johnston.A Short History of Nearly EverythingThe first thing one notices about a new Bill Bryson book in recent years is the disproportionately large size of the authors name on the coverbiggerthan the title by a few orders of magnitude. Thats appropriate, I suppose, for an author who has emerged as North Americas most popular writer of non-fiction, with legions of fans around the world, perhaps even something of a cult figure, who can sell anything on the strength of his name alone. Brysons recently published book, A Short History of Nearly Everything, is sure a departure from what he has written so far. Its a bold and ambitious attempt to tell the story of our earth and of everything on it. initially motivated by the most admirable of scientific feelings, intense cur iosity about something he admits he knew virtually nothing about, Bryson spent three years immersing himself in scientific literature, talking to working scientists, and travelling to places where science is carried on, so that he might know a little about these matters and . . . understand how people figured them out and then produce a book which makes it possible to understand and appreciatemarvel at, enjoy eventhe wonder and accomplishments of science at a level that isnt too technical or demanding, but isnt entirely superficial either.The result is a big volume recapitulating the greatest story ever told, from the beginnings of the universe, to the physical history of the Earth, to the development and evolution of life herean attempt to provide, as the title indicates, an all-encompassing and continuous narrative, crammed with information on everything from particle physics to plate tectonics, from cloud formations to bacteria. For all the obvious natural clarity and organizatio n within science, writing well about the subject is not as diffuse as it may appear. It demands that the writer select an audience and then digest what he or she has to say in a style appropriate to that readership, in the process risking the loss of other potential readers. Bryson has clearly thought about this point and introduces into writing about science a style very different from, say, the brisk omniscience of Isaac Asimov, the trenchant polemics of Richard Dawson, the engaged contextual scholarship of Stephen Jay Gould, or the leisured and fascinating historical excursions of Simon Winchester (to cite some recent master of the genre).He brings to bear on science his impressive talents as a folksy, amusing, self-deprecating spinner of yarns, assuming considerable ignorance in his readers and inviting them to share his newly spy excitement at all the things he has learned, obviously trying with an atmosphere of cozy intimacy and friendship to ease any fearsthey may bring to a book about so many unfamiliar things. This feature will almost certainly irritate a great many people who already know a good deal about science (who may feel they are being patronized) and charm many of those who do not. The information is presented here in an often off-beat and amusing and certainly non-intimidating way. Bryson sticks to his resolve not to confront the reader with numbers and equations and much complex terminology. So he relies heavily on familiar analogies to illustrate scientific theories, and these are extremely effectiveinventive and illuminating.There is a wealth of interesting and frequently surprising facts about everything from mites to meteorites, conveyed with a continuing sense of wonder and enjoyment. Bryson delivers well on his promise to provide an account of what we know and (equally important to him) of the enormous amount we still do not know. Bryson is not all that interested, however, in the second part of his announced intention, to explore how we know what we know. He pays little to no attention to science as a developing system of knowledge, to its philosophical underpinnings (hence, perhaps, the omission of any treatment of mathematics) or to the way in which certain achievements in science are important not merely for the facts they confirm or reveal but for the way in which they transform our understanding of what science is and how it should be carried out. So for him how we know is simply a matter of accounting for those who came up something that turned out to be of lasting value (no wonder he is somewhat baffled by Darwins rest in publishing his theory of natural selectionthe notion that Darwins theory may have presented some important methodological difficulties of which Darwin was painfully sensitive does not seem nearly as important as Darwins mysterious illness).Bryson is at his very best when he can anchor what he has to say on a particular place and on conversations with particular working scientists t here. Here his considerable talents as a travel writer and story teller take over, and the result is an often amusing, surprising, insightful, and always informative glimpse into science as a particular activity carried on by interesting individuals in all sorts of different places. The sections on Yellowstone Park, the Burgess Shale, and the Natural History Museum in London, for example, are exceptionally fine, mainly because we are put in fantastic touch with science in action, we hear directly from the scientists themselves, and our understanding ofscience is transformed from the knowledge of facts into a much fuller and more satisfying range for a wonderfully human enterprise taking place all around us. Here Bryson provides us with a refreshingly new style in writing about science. Indeed, these passages are so striking in comparison with other parts of the book that one suspects that Brysons imagination is far more stimulated by scientists at work than by the results their wo rk produces.This impression is reinforced by Brysons habit of plundering the history of science for amusing anecdotes about interesting characters, obviously something which he finds fancifully exciting. Hes prepared to interrupt the flow of his main narrative in order to deliver a good story, and routinely moves into a new section with a narrative hook based on a memorable character, a hammy clash of personalities, or an unexpected location. Many of these stories and characters will be familiar enough to people who know a bit about science already (e.g., the eccentricities of Henry Cavendish, William Buckland, or Robert FitzRoy, the arguments between Gould and Dawkins, the adventures of Watson and Crick, and so on), but Bryson handles these quick narrative passages so well that the familiar stories are still worth re-reading, and there are enough new nuggets to keep reminding the more knowledgeable readers just how fascinating the history of science can be. Not that Bryson is ver y much interested in linking developments in science to any continuing attention to historical context.Hes happy enough to refer repeatedly to the context if theres a good yarn to be hadif not, hes ready to skim over it or ignore it altogether. This gives his account of developments a distinctly Whiggish flavour, a characteristic which will no doubt upset historians of science. At times, too, this habit of frequent quick raids into the past encourages a tendency to flippant snap judgments for the interest group of a jest or some human drama. But given the audience Bryson is writing for and his want to keep the narrative full of brio, these criticisms are easy enough to overlook. And speaking from my own limited experience in writing about the history of science, I can attest to the fact that once one begins scratching away at the lives of the scientists themselves, the impulse to draw on the wonderful range of the extraordinary characters one discovers is almost irresistible. Bryso ns narrative gets into more full difficulties, however, when he cannot write from his strengths, that is, when he cannot link what thesubject demands to particular people and places.Here the prose often tends to get bogged down in summaries of what he has been reading lately or inadequate condensations of subjects too complex for his rapid pace. Thus, for example, the parts where his prose has to cope with systems of classifications (for example, of clouds, or bacteria, or early forms of life) the sense of excitement disappears and we are left to walk through a dense array of facts, without much sense of purpose. At such times, Bryson seems to sense the problem and often cranks up the golly gee element in his style in an attempt to inject some energy into his account, but without much success. And not surprisingly, the world of particle physics defeats his best attempts to render it familiar and comfortable to the reader, as Bryson concedes in an unexpectedly limp and apologetic a dmission Almost certainly this is an area that will see further developments of thought, and almost certainly these thoughts will again be beyond most of us.Its very curious that Bryson makes no attempt to assist the reader through such passages with any illustrative material, which would certainly have enabled him to convey organized information in a much clearer, more succinct, and less tedious manner. Early on, he lays some of the blame for his ignorance about science on boring school text books, so perhaps his decision to eschew visual aids has something to do with his desire not to produce anything like a school text (although, as I recall, diagrams, charts, and photographs were often the most exciting things about such books). Or perhaps hes simply supremely confident that his prose is more than enough to carry the load. Whatever the reason, the cost of that decision is unnecessarily high. I suspect reactions to this book will vary widely.Bryson fans will, no doubt, be delight ed to hear the masters voice again and will forgive the lapses in energy and imaginative excitement here and there in the story. By contrast, many scientists and historians of science will find the tone and the treatment of the past not particularly to their liking. Ill value the book as a source of useful anecdotes and some excellent writing about scientists at work, but turn to less long-winded and better organized accounts to enrich my understanding of our scientific knowledge of the world and its inhabitants. But then again, if my grandchildren in the next few years begin to let on some real interest in learning about science, Ill certainly put this book in front of them.

College Essay Essay

Do we send scholars to college to grow personally and intellectually or strictly to develop work related skills? In your opinion what should be the purpose of a college education and what do you hope to discover from your personal experience? College is a big step for anyone, especially teenagers, who is til now exploitation up. Unlike in high school where the main focus is the curriculum, college also focuses on developing personality. College is not about papers and tests it is about growing personally and intellectually while developing work related skills to help in life. A college education involves more than books and tests.It should be an experience a student should neer forget. At Southwestern University, the school motto is Be Southwestern. To Be Southwestern students lose to be determined and focused. To Be Southwestern students have to be involved. During my visit to Southwestern University, I noticed that for such a small school there are so many opportunities avai l equal to learn in variety of environments and participate in campus life. At Southwestern University the campus life consists of music, plays, Greek life, athletic events, religious interests, and preparation for the study abroad program.I have never been out of this country, and one affair I like about Southwestern is the study abroad program. Personally, I have always compulsioned to go to Italy. non just because I am in love with Italian food but because its so different from America. I indigence to go to a college that allows me to see the world and experience new things. A college education should help you meet your desire to explore and interact with the world around you. Another thing I like about Southwestern University is how much help is available for students from professors. I want to go to a college that has small class sizes and cares about me as an individual.Every Southwestern University student Ive talked to has said the professors will know who you are, will a lways be available for assistance, and will always help you succeed. At Southwestern University, a student is not just a number. The professors there are dedicated to a students personal success. Instead of going to a tutor, a student can schedule a simple meeting with the professor to discuss theclass. A little help can go a long way. As a student at Southwestern University, I hope to continue to strengthen my sense of pride and leadership.I have played the game of softball my entire life and hope to continue to play competitively in college. In my college softball experience, I hope to gain a greater inspiration to push myself harder than ever before both, academically and athletically. I hope one day when I look back on my college career I can say that Southwestern made me the student-athlete I always wanted to be. Through my college experiences, I will see the world in a new perspective, developing new intellectual light in a variety of subjects, and engaging in challenging cur riculum and discussions.I want to find out who I am and what kind of person I will become, and I strongly believe Southwestern University will help me do that. A college education should additionally develop an individuals appreciation for bill. I go to a high school that is starting to make its history however, I want to go to a university that has its history already established. As the oldest school in Texas, Southwestern University has many traditions. I want to be able to engage in these traditions and perhaps help make some new ones while Im there.I dont just want to be a part of history I want to make history. A college experience should be one of the best times in a persons life. The professors, the activities, and the history of the school should help one develop personally and intellectually as a student. I know that my time worn-out(a) at Southwestern University will make me stronger, confident, and a more independent thinking individual who is ready to face not only c hallenge of running(a) environment but also whatever life throws at me.

Hamlet vs Gladiator essay Essay

When watching the movie prizefighter, one might nonice how very sympathetic this story is to the Shakespearean play, Hamlet. In Gladiator the of import character seeks avenging for the loss of his son and wife, as does Hamlet for the loss of his father. The vengeance sought out in Gladiator is a result of betrayal involving loved ones as is the vengeance sought out in hamlet. Finally, both Hamlet and Gladiator are examples of dramatic tragedy where the main character lay offs up dying. Along with these similarities there are also many differences. There are the difference in characters, the difference in when these stories take place, and the difference in the endings. By comparing and contrasting a modern tragedy, Gladiator, with an ancient tragedy, Hamlet, it shows why dramatic tragedy has survived passim the ages.In the beginning of Hamlet pouf Hamlets ghost pays a visit to Prince Hamlet. The ghost tells Hamlet that while sleeping in his orchard, a snake in the grass stun g him. He then tells Hamlet the serpent that did sting thy fathers life now wears his crown. Hamlet, who already suspected his fathers death to be murder, is furious upon learning that it was not tho murder, it was his fathers uncle that committed the act of deception. In a rage of fury Hamlet swears to the ghost of his father that he will seek vengeance on Claudius, for his sake and that of his fathers.This is very similar in Gladiator when Commodus kills his father, the Roman Emperor, Marcus Aurelius. Maximus, a Roman General, was very close with Marcus who told Maximus he was the son he should withstand had and precious Maximus to carry on as Emperor instead of his son Commodus. Maximus seeks vengeance on Commodus not only for murdering Marcus, but also because he hit Maximums wife and eight-year-old son.In both cases Claudius and Commadus wanted to reign, to have power in both cases they were not meant to have it. Hamlet was the heir to the throne, and Aurelius wanted Maximu s to take his place as emperor. Both Claudius and Commadus wanted power so badly, that they killed in order to get what they wanted.These stories are both similar in treachery because the men that they had trusted and confided in had murdered them. Claudius betrayed his brother by poisoning him then marrying his wife Commadus betrayed his father by suffocating him after learning Aurelius did not want his only son to rule.Another example of the similarities between these two stories is that Hamlet and Maximus both had to change themselves in order to seek their vengeance. They both went from existence looked highly upon in society, to being looked down on. Hamlet fooled people by acting like he was crazy. This way his stepfather could not suspect Hamlet of discriminating that he had murdered Hamlets father.Following the death of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, Maximus finds himself an enemy of the new Emperor Commadus. He is reduced to the status of a knuckle down and eventually falls in to the hands of a gladiator trainer. He then begins to forge a new life for himself as a ruthless putting to death machine that entertains the fickle crowd, as the behind-the-scenes politics of second century Rome stand to make him a hero of the people.By fighting as a gladiator he seek revenge on the new Emperor of Rome.Hamlet and Maximus want to avenge those who have been killed so badly that they sustain obstacles with courage and their heads high as well as they both risking their lives for what they believe in.Throughout Hamlet, one might also notice they have taken similar ideas from Hamlet and used them to help make their story a (better one). Towards the beginning of the story before Aurelius is killed, Commadus tells the senators that theyll be pouring honey potion in peoples ears in order to make the country republic. What is similar is that Claudius poured potion into King Hamlets ear, in order to kill him.Another moment in Gladiator that makes you think of Hamlet is tow ards the end when Commodus tells his nephew, Lucius, about their ancestor Emperor Claudius. He tells Lucius that Claudius was betrayed By those closest to him This is similar to Hamlet because Gertrude betrays Claudius and Lucilla betrays Commodus. This is ironic because both Claudius and Commodus betrayed loved ones in order to gain power.Along with these similarities there are also many differences. For instance Hamlet was born a prince while Maximus was the general for Aureliuss army. in like manner King Hamlet was killed by his brother and Aurelius was killed by his son, and Hamlets mother dies in the end while Commadus sister survives. The main difference, however, is in the end of these stories.In Hamlet, he never lets on to Claudius that he knows how his father died. Instead he acts as if he is crazy. It is not until a theatrical group re-enacts how King Hamlet was murdered that Claudius realises that Hamlet knows.In Gladiator, as soon as Maximus sees Commadus in the Coliseu m he tells Commadus that he will kill him for the murders he has committed. In the end Maximus kills Commadus while all of Rome watches this form of entertainment take place. Maximus, badly wounded dies soon after giving the Empire to the senators to become republic. point though these two stories have their differences, they are both dramatic tragedies. The emotion that a tragic character portrays helps us to relate and become more catch with the story. Up until the heroes have died they have got to know that person. They have understood the character, their motivations, and reactions. When they die, they have died courageously for what they have believed in.In life we are always looking for an matinee idol hero-worshipping. Our fascination for dramatic tragedy has survived throughout the years because man in his inadequate ways needs to have someone whom they can look up to, so to speak.Lets face it we are often intrigued by human suffering especially if it is for noble causes.P eople often carry the same beliefs as these leaders, and amply support them. These heroes are the epitome of what we believe in, willing to die for causes. We love to believe that someone is willing to go to that extent for our beliefs. Their deaths often accomplish what could not be done while they were alive. This is illustrated when Maximus says what we do in life, echoes in eternity.The similarities and differences in Hamlet and Gladiator are what help make dramatic tragedies survive through the ages. However, it is not only in movies or plays, it is also in real life. These heroes have died for what they believed in and have made a difference in our lives. It gives us strength to face the world we live in today, and it gives us understanding as to why these leaders are fighting. This is why dramatic tragedies have survived throughout the ages, and this is why they will continue to survive for years to come.

Financial Information Systems Essay

INTRODUCTIONFinancing is the important function of every employment organizations, Computer based monetary information systems(FIS) support pecuniary managers in decisions concerning. The financing of business, the eitherocation and control of financial resources.What is finance ?Finance is the art and science of managing gold. Virtually all individuals and organisations earn or rise money and spend or invest money. Finance is concerned with the execute, institutions, markets and instruments involved in the transfer of money among and between individuals, business and governments.Major FIS Categories IncludeCash & investing managementCapital budgetingFinancial forecastingFinancial planningCash ManagementCollect information on all cash receipts and disbursements with in a company on a real time or periodic basis. This economic aids the business to deposit or invest excess funds more quickly.for cash flow forecasts.to determine cash collection programs and alternative financin g or investments strategies with forecasted cash deficits or surplus.Online Investment ManagementHelps to financial managementThe process of buying, selling, or holding each type of security so that an optimum mix of securities is developed that minimizes risk and maximizes investment income for the business.Capital BudgetingProcess of evaluating the profitability and financial impact of processed capital expenditures.Techniques in capital budgetingPayback Period (PBP)Net present value (NPV)Internal rate of return (IRR)Spreadsheets be severely used for this process incorporates present value analysis of expected cash flows and probability analysis of risk to determine the optimum mix of capital.Financial foretelling &PlanningFinancial forecasts concerning to Economic situationBusiness operationsType of financing availableInterest ratesStock and bond pricesSoftwares used in FIS1.Sage Accpac ERPSage Accpac ERP offers the freedom of choice, seamless integration, high performance, an d reliability that forward-thinking companies rely on to increase profitability and gain competitive advantage.AdvantagesCompletely Web-Based unproblematic To Use and CustomizeTotal Investment ProtectionDesigned for Global BusinessHundreds of Industry-Specific Solutions2.SAPThe e-commerce functionality in the SAP Business One application will help you bring your business to the public with a set of Web design tools that modify you to build and customize your online store. Create an online catalog where customers, salespeople, and partners can easily door yourproducts. Manage everything from taxes to inventory to pricing through a Web-based interface, all synchronized with SAP Business One.3.GreentreeGreentrees main users are medium sized businesses, hardly it is also successfully used by many larger organizations. The Green tree product is seamlessly scalable to support the whole spectrum of businesses from a small team up to many hundreds of users.FeaturesGreentree is built ar ound a core financial system, with seamless integration across distribution, job costing, manufacturing etc. The modular design will enable to implement a basic financial solution and add modules as the business grows or grows in complexity, or install a complete business management package from the outset.Greentree delivers both Windows-based and Linux-based software4.Microsoft Dynamics AXDesigned for mid-size and larger companies,It is a multi language, multicurrency enterprise resource planning (ERP) solution. Its core strengths are in manufacturing and e-business, andit includes strong functionality for the wholesale and services industries. includes applications for financial management, customer birth management, supply chain management, human resource management, project management, and analytics. It integrates with widely-familiar Microsoft products such as Microsoft SQL Server, BizTalk Server, Exchange, Office, and Windows. Employees can lick with tools that theyre alrea dy familiar.Financial ManagementMicrosoft Dynamics AX delivers a range of financial capabilities for companies to consolidate accounts with subsidiaries or distribution centres, no matter where they are located.5.SAP Business OneSAP Business One provides you with instant access to your critical business information when you need it to run your business. This comprehensive application covers all your core operations, giving you keen insight, so youcan confidently make informed business decisions.FeaturesAll aspects of business become more agile, including administration, customer relationship management, operations, distributions, and financials. Helps in Accounting and Financials, Budgeting, Banking, Financial Reporting, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Business partner management.

Comparison of the Death Penalty: China vs United States Essay

The United States of America is one of the few countries that still impose finale sentences regularly. The races land of mainland china is too one of these countries. Both ar similar in that they argon among the precede executing countries in the world. Yet they differ in many ways such as, types of shames that are shoemakers last penalty eligible, the number of mass that are penalize, trial processes, and methods of execution.I look these to be the biggest disagreements between The mints Republic of China and the United States of America. unmatchable of the most shocking things I came across when researching was the all-inclusive range of iniquitys punishable by death in China. The most shocking of which, is those of non-violent nature. A type of non-violent crime that is routinely supercharged as a seat of government crime is economic or white-collar crimes. In Chinas Criminal Law, there are specific instances where economic crimes can be charged as capital cr imes.In the article, On Limiting and Abolishing the oddment Penalty for Economic Crimes in China, the author Bingzhi Zhao wrote, it is normally specified in Chinas Criminal Law that the death penalty is plainly applicable when the crime is of a oddly enormous amount or of a particular propositionly fragmentizee nature1. A particularly enormous amount or of a particularly sever nature refers to the amount of capital stolen or number of people hurt by the crime. What I consider to be a great parallel would be Bernie Madoff, who stole billions from investors and was sentences to 150 years in jail, which is the maximal sentence he could realize2.This leads me to believe if Bernie Madoff lived in China, he wouldve been executed. Although his crimes were particularly extreme in the amount of money he stole, he was non violent in any way shape or form. In America this simply has not happened in the last century. It is my personal belief that crimes different than murder shouldnt b e capital crimes, exclusively I cogitate it is plain wrong for a white-collar crime to be charged as a capital crime. There are even accounts of drug dealers and people who fund-raise illegal3.I personally know somebody arrested for dealing drugs, if he received a death sentence for his crime, it would be completely and utterly shocking. It is my belief that a non-violent crime shouldnt be punished in a violent way. The Peoples Republic of China use of capital penalty is shrouded in secrecy. In an article in the Washington Post, the author(s) writes, The Chinese government has a long-standing policy of not commenting on the death penalty and keeps the number of executions secret3. This rings true because it is impossible to find a true figure for executions in China.All figures that can be found are estimates. The Dui Hua knowledgeableness estimates that China carried out 5,000 to 6,000 executions in the year 20073, while Amnesty internationalist estimates there were at to th e lowest degree 1,718 kn consume executions in 2008 and to a fault states that there are likely many more than4. Amnesty International also states that in 2008 the United States of America executed a total of 37 people4. Using Amnesty Internationals figures this means that the Peoples Republic of China executed more than forty-six clock more people than America.With populations of 1. 3 billion and 310 million (estimates), respectively, China executed at least 1 out of e truly 750,000, and the United States of America executed close 1 out of every 8,375,000 people. This adds up to China executing about 11 times as many people per capita than the United States. One must also keep in mind that the figure of China executing 1,718 is also the at least number the Dui Hua foundation estimated 5,000-6,000 executions in one year alone.If China indeed executed 5,000, this would raise their per capita execution rate three times high, to 33 times more executions per capita than America. Wh ile there are countries who execute more than the United States of America besides China, they arent countries that America would like to be placed with. In descending order the ten countries with the highest executions are, China, Iran, Saudi Arabia, the United States, Pakistan, Iraq, Vietnam, Afghanistan, North Korea, and Japan4.Interestingly enough, American soldiers have fought wars indoors the borders of six out of nine of these countries since World War II. The United States of America and China are the two most powerful countries in the world right now, yet they are in a list with the likes of under-developed countries like Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Saudi Arabia. China kills enormous amounts of people as compared to every other country, and they also do so in a manner that the American Criminal Justice carcass of rules would consider extremely unconstitutional.In the United States we use grand juries and/or preliminary hearings as a screening device to make sure there i s enough evidence to go to trial, whereas in the Peoples Republic of China, there is one person, called a Procurator, who screens cases5. This causes the decision to go to trial extremely unfair, because the ideal of evidence in China is sufficient as opposed to American standard of beyond a reasonable doubt. Also in the case of a grand jury, there has to be more than one person agreeing the case can go to trial, whereas in China, just one person decides whether a case is trial worthy.The largest difference between the two countries processes however, is not the use or deficiency thereof grand juries, solely the difference lies in how trials are conducted. China uses the Inquisitorial Model, where a judge dominates the disbelieving and debating, and a panel of judges, not regular citizens, decides facts and applies the laws5. This could either seem like a terrible idea, or a great idea. Keeping the same group of judges instead of a jury, there is a sense of consistency.There is no unfair jury selection like in the American system that can usually be based on picking people of certain races who are more likely to convict somebody of a certain race based on statistics. Yet at the same time, these men are judges and see all sorts of criminals, and are very likely to think that anybody arrested, is arrested for a just reason. These judges are also more likely to impose the law harshly, since they are government officials of a country whose government is known to violate numerous human rights.Another big difference between the two nations lies within the appeals process. In China, not only can the incriminate appeal, but the Procurator can appeal as well if he or she feels that the sentencing wasnt done correctly. The accused is only given 10 days to initially file an appeal. If the accused appeals and loses, his sentence can only be lessened, but if a Procurator appeals, the sentence can be made more severe. In the United States, only the accused may appeal, the prosecutor is unable5. This process of Procurators appealing could never happen in the United States, based on the Fifth Amendment.It would be considered Double Jeopardy, since even if a judicial system (aside from the Supreme Peoples Court) finds him innocuous, the procurator may appeal for a new trial. All of these difference cause many more injustices in China than America. There are even more injustices in the Chinese system. Amnesty International states, In China those facing capital charges do not receive fair trials. Failings include the lack of prompt access to lawyers, a lack of presumption of innocence, political stop in the judiciary and failure to exclude evidence extracted through torture6.These failings pose a particular issue in China. One of the mentioned failings is lack of presumption of innocence. When a person in China is arrested, they are presumed guilty, and therefore a trial is almost only to prove his innocence, whereas in America we presume innocent until proven guilty and in trials, the prosecutor must prove guilt. Another failing is if the accused doesnt get access to a lawyer quick enough, he could be put to death very rapidly because after a death sentence is approved the execution is carried out within 7 days7.The United States of America has long stays on death row, which take a lot of result out of the execution, but also gives the accused time to appeal, and file all sorts of motions and requests for clemency. Amnesty International also states that China uses information that is extracted through torture. While in the United States this does happen, it is never done so legally, and if a judge finds evidence was extracted through torture, that evidence in unusable.These factors lack of access lawyers, unfair trial processes, and lack of presumption of innocence, all cause Chinas capital punishment statutes to seem extremely unjust and I would think that quite often even Chinese citizens are unsure of the reliability o f their own system, but then I remember that a lot of what the government does is shrouded in secrecy so citizens dont really know. The general method of execution in The Peoples Republic of China is single gunshot to the head. Although China officially uses Lethal blastoff as an option, it is still not used as much as gunshot to the head.An article in USA Today about methods of execution states, Prior to 1997, Chinas main form of execution was shooting. According to a 1998 deal from Amnesty International, the Chinese press reported 24 lethal-injection executions in that year, but the exact number is secret8. This quote to me shows, that they have started to use lethal injection, but one must remember that China regularly executes well over 1000 people, so 24 by lethal injection is a start, but not nearly a majority whereas in America lethal Injection is the main method. to a lower place post-Furman statutes there have been 1,070 executions in the United States. 01 of these execu tions were by lethal injection, followed by 153 of them by electrocution9. Lethal Injection accounts for 84. 2% of American executions (American Statistics were as of April 12, 2007) whereas Lethal Injection in China only accounted for at most, 2. 5% in 1998. These figures may be from different years but 2. 5% versus 84. 2% is a capacious difference. The reason China would use gunshot to the head, in my opinion, is it saves money. The Chinese trial and appeals process, which is very fast in nature, saves money compared to the long and drawn out American process.Add to that figure that executions are carried out within 7 days of sentencing10. The Chinese definitely spend nowhere near the figures that Americans spend on Death Row, since Chinese executions occur in less than 7 days post-sentencing. Although I am just speculating on cost savings since these figures cannot be found due to Chinas secrecy on the number of capital punishment. I think there is much to learn from the Chines e system when it comes to saving money and efficiency, although I strongly disagree with their lack of rights for defendants.While the differences outlined in this paper are not the only ones, they are the differences that I felt really separate the American and Chinese use of capital punishment. While the American government wastes tons of money on capital punishment, I think our higher standard of evidence and longer proceedings allow us to be surer that the right person is universe executed, and although our system has many issues, I still would stand behind it over the system used in The Peoples Republic of China.

JetBlue Airways & Organizational Development: Partners for Change Essay

This is a case of an impelling departmentnership of Jet Blue Airways and organisational victimisation. In the airline craft with an unpredict able environment, Jet blue forged a partnership with the Organizational Development (OD) team up and JetBlue University (the airlines centralized learning group). From this berthed the Systems Operations Center (SOC) which is the heart of the airline the epicenter where effective finale making, communication, teamwork, and attractorship be critical to ensure crewmembers atomic number 18 able to meet and exceed customer demand (Dennnison, 2007). This case study covers the intravenous feeding general models of broadcastned change which are first appearance and contracting diagnosis planning and implementing and evaluating and institutionalizing change (Cummings & Worley, 2009). All hitchs applied were carefully real as they interpret the diagnosis of the operations of JetBlue.And as it board you pull up stakes search that the k ey element on making this a triple-crown and effective OD is theinvolvement of every last(predicate) the employees and their buy in from the top down management. As you exit see that not only that they permit implemented the hitchs which greatly enhanced the comp whatsoevers success, it has in addition institutionalized the changes they sustain adapted and on On June 8, 2011, JetBlue ranked Highest in Customer Satisfaction Among first Cost Carriers in North America by J.D. Power and Associates, a customer satisfaction identification received for the seventh year in a row.they were demonstrateed they are the number cardinal (Article, 2011).IntroductionJetBlue has an stupefying and effective partnership with the Organizational Development Team. This is one of the success stories on how to effectively apply and OD Intervention within a scrape up with. They postulate established and institutionalized the mental process of OD within their business system. The four process es namely Entering and contacting diagnosis planning and implementing and evaluating and institutionalizing were properly managed and executed. The foundation was set correctly and the geological fault of the change concept was embedded in the JetBlue culture. All JetBlue employees are involved and are aware on how OD handlings are applied and how it works. The foundation of the OD hitch is solid and any new interjections that are applied as big as it is carefully reviewed and concur is flawless. My come near for this case study as an OD practitioner is to review, diagnose, and analyze what the OD practitioner have accomplished and come across any changes and recommendations that I believe go out further enhance the effectiveness of the OD hinderance. I leave alone apply the four model of planned change as I review and/or come up with any additional disturbance for the company.Stage 1 Entering and ContractingThe OD team did not have a hard time entering into this busine ss contract with JetBlue. All the computes I state in this case study are all in their side. The key concept that is very positive for this intervention is that JetBlues organizational culture is that they embrace change. This resulted the decision to help the SOC continuously improve was supported by all within the department and the whole organization. They have implemented anideal and perfect approach for entering and contracting. Their realization that tomorrows operating environment depart look very antithetic. They are treating from severally one flight as a different case and they do not base their assumption on old entropy but always plan for the latest information for each flight. A all-inclusive contract was developed by JetBlue and OD team. Both internal and external SOC stakeholders are engaged for this contracting. Their process is flawless and what they call a progressive company that embraces intervention as positive. They have developed a comprehensive contr act that outlined the scope of work and established percipient roles and expectations. Both sides have agreed on the contract, they will then proceed to the planning process. Recommended change/additionUpon reviewing Exhibit A, my recommended change is that the SVP of the SOC should be less involved on with the SOC operations. All the key elements are already identified and they have developed a process on how to enter and develop a contract. The stakeholders are already onboard with the OD weapons platform and in fact embraced the concept of OD so they should empower the OD team on changes and direct apply to the SOC with stakeholders workting an up epochd interventions being implemented. They should decentralize this tasking with the SOC, OD team and the crewmembers. By doing this, SVP and stakeholders can focus more(prenominal)(prenominal) on their bigger tasking and responsibilities by projecting and planning for the future of the company. The effectiveness of the Entering and Contracting point in time is withal apparent in eliminating or planning a course of action on winning out most of the red flags such as insufficient aim of commitment, vindication or resister by major stockholders, lack of power or influence and clients desire to rig the consultant. These potential red flags were all addressed and resolved (Mitchell, 2006).It will also be personify effective if they will establish their internal OD team. By having a dedicated team, they will be more focus on the progress of the company. OD is already developed and more than likely, only minor interventions will be implemented to adapt in the ever growing and changing innovation of the global environment.During contracting, there were no specific intents identified by JetBlue but only to look under the hood. I believe the OD approached this as an Organizational process for their plans. Although the contract covered the scope of work, established their several(prenominal) roles and res ponsibilities, they have not covered the estimated time involve that is devoted solely for the OD process. They might have missed this step because of the total buy in of JetBlue with change. But the issue might rise if the cost will start escalating or even the timeframe gets extended. Stage 2 DiagnosisThis is one of the pivotal areas that OD practitioners should be keen in identifying the relevant issues gathered on all data. Obtaining an updated and current data is needed in this ever changing global market. They also have covered this stage as you will read on the case study that they are branded as progressive company which agency that they constantly strive for change. Exhibit A if you notice that they added a planning stage on how the intervention will be approached. A thorough data collection will be created as one of the tools to diagnose and approach an intervention.Exhibit B is the Denison Leadership Development mass that was used and you can see the positive quantita tive results that they have profitd their scores in four key areas within eighter from Decatur months of implementation. Summarizing the information captured from the Denison Organizational close vision, focus groups and interviews, the OD team came up with five key themes for the companys strategy development and culture change. The OD consultant also stresses to the lead team that stress on a few relevant areas was much more effective which I also exclusively agree. Recommended change/additionThis case study mentioned that 40 interviews and focus groups were done to gain insight. I would increase the interviews to at least 50% of each division of the company to have a better data compend on where the top strengths and weaknesses are. I will also make a both to ternion day session to interpret the data to come up with a more viable and satisfactory hypothesis on identifying the themes for the company. The Denison Model gave a quantitative measuring rod of the organizatio ns status. It addressed andidentified the two strengths and two weaknesses of the company. And from that diagnosis, coupled with the 40 interviews and focus groups, they have come up with viable goals. Goals that are derived and interpreted from the data they have gathered. Recommended change/additionIf I was the OD practitioner, I would also add questionnaires for the customers, annotation and unobtrusive measures. My questionnaires will be designed solely for the customer satisfaction. This is your main business for the company. This is a key factor in increasing your market shares. I would design the questionnaire to draw out what can be meliorate and any innovative ideas that they want to see what JetBlue can offer. I will focus it on eminence which will make JetBlue unique from other airlines. This will be a very strong intervention once applied because it directly affects the customers (Kabra, 2006). On my observations, I will be staging some observation sites at the tarmac , ticket counter, customer service, and other key areas of the business. We will observe the people on how they work, how long they work and the conditions on where they work will be some of the factors we will observe. By performing observations, you will witness the actual things that are happening during the operations of the company.There are a lot of different divisions that makes up an airline business. The crewmembers each have different area of expertise such as stewardess, baggers, pilots, etcetera It is very diverse and you need to collect data on all areas. I will also perform unobtrusive measures and study the current structure of the companys organization and see if we are utilizing and maximizing all the skills, knowledge and abilities of all our crewmembers. From here I will define a bench mark and see what is our competitive edge canvassd to other airlines. I will also apply unobtrusive measure and establish a benchmark for both internal and external part of the co mpany. This will give me a better approach and measure on what is the real status of the company and you can project debase goals since this company embraces changes. A challenging and achievable goal for them will be ideal. By applying more measures on Data gathering, you will come up with a better conclusive strengths and weaknesses of the company. You will diagnose and compare your data psychoanalysis and strategize a pattern and conclusive evidence that supports each type of data analysis you collected. Stage 3 Planningand ImplementingThis is the crucial stage of the OD process intervention. The critical analysis of the date gathered was thoroughly researched on this project. The planning stage was very effective as they have come up with a strategic approach to achieve their goals. As they OD practitioner finished the strategy, they were able to communicate the strategy to key leaders of the company (Lunenberg, 2010). I agree with the OD team on what happened after the data collection and goal setting. Meetings on each member of the SOC team were held and they were educated on what will be their roles during the intervention. They have minimized the peoples natural reaction on resistance to change. All five themes they came up were communicated effectively by dint ofout the organization. An extensive weekly meeting for the first month was implemented. This is a carefully planned and come up executed plan and implantation stage of the OD practitioner. This is a well thought of process that the OD team have covered all the interventions and each goal were further identified with a detailed plan of action of what are the steps needed for the effect of their goal. And the key for this step by step procedure is the constant meetings and progress check to see how the intervention needs any adjustments or they are within their target goals. The OD practitioner is very well educated and approached this stage strategically.Recommended change/additionThe two things I would add for the implementation change is the award system and stretch goals. They have instilled the intrinsic rewards for the crewmembers as the OD practitioner came up with an intervention that each crewmember are part of the changes that is happening as they have the quantitative measure of their goal they are achieving. The empowerment was placed with the crewmembers. Adding an extrinsic award system such a Employee of the month, cash bonus, etc., will only beef up and encouraged each crewmembers for the success of the business. I believe with the buy in of all JetBlue employees, stretch goals for the directors and make it a competitive but friendly approach of stretching the goals for each department/division will not hurt since the culture of the company embraceschange. Stage 4 Evaluating and InstitutionalizingThis is a success OD intervention from start to end. The evaluation process was impressive as you can see the success rate of the company. I believe that t hey have institutionalized the change and they made the OD a part of the companys culture. They have achieved the OD intervention and as you can see, it has been decentralized and it is now at the lowest level of management. The success of the JetBlue and OD practitioner is evident because of the foundation it has set. You will see that they have accepted this intervention as a new way of doing business. And they even avoided the sense of complacency by having a Culture Change Monitor Survey and a bi-weekly working sessions to execute the plan. They applied the Denison Organizational Culture Survey to assess their strengths and weaknesses. You can see the evidence by having a good foundation and structure on the start of any OD intervention. It will follow a smooth transition from each phase. As you can see that the company was just transitioning from each phase of the OD process and as they assess the interventions, all the stakeholders are onboard and willing to improve the compa ny as it is very evident as you read the case study.Institutionalizing it as you will read is also successful. From the start as the company embraces change, the company and the OD have transitioned change as a norm in their crewmembers view. They look all the changes as a philosophy in their culture that the success and development of their company can only be achieved through continuous improvement. Recommended change/additionThe things I will add on this are annual get together, and recommend new survey system. By having an annual get together, I will implement a banquet type with key speaker to encourage the crewmember and have achievement awards with different categories. This will definitely encourage each crewmember to give their best every time they work.I would recommend another survey to replace the Denison Organizational Culture Survey in the next two years. Having the same survey yearbook mightcreate complacency and over familiarity of the survey. But if you give them a different survey, they will be able to look at it on a different perspective ad will compensation more attention. I would review the current innovation, global market, benchmark the airline business, and their own. I will drive and recommend an ideal survey based on the current data gathering I collected. remnantThis is a success story of an OD intervention process. Ad JetBlue have embraced the changes, careful planning by the OD team as they enter the contracting was very effective. It is a very effective approach as they have identified almost all of the requirements to enter a contract.Data gathering and analysis have resulted in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the company. Goals were derived from the weaknesses and step by step approach designed to achieve each goal. parley is evident as the key factor on the planning and implementation change. Each key leader are involved and updated on the planned intervention. All crewmembers that were involved were trained, educated, and made aware of whats the plan and how will it be implemented. The empowerment were correctly applied which in my opinion is pivotal for their success.Evaluation and institutionalization is already evident as you read the case study that it was a continuous process that their company has embraced. They have the system set in place and monitoring was in place to ensure upward progress is tracked. I can find no other way to conclude the success of this OD intervention but to quote the case study verbatim the case study states as follows The SOC leading team owns the process and the culture of the department, making the OD teams involvement very low and leaderships involvement very high. No longer is the kind of work that resulted from this project considered additional duties that leadership must perform. Because the OD consultant set the foundation from the beginning by delegating key tasks to stakeholders, having clear sponsorship and having responsible leaders, a minds et shift has occurred the idea that creating a high performing culture is part of every leaders job. As an OD, this shouldalways be the ultimate goal on all your interventions.Exhibit A Project OverviewExhibit B Denison Leadership Development SurveyExhibit C Changes over TimeExhibit D JetBlue Airways & Organizational Development Partners for ChangeBibliographyCummings, G., Worley C.G., (2009). Organizational Development and Change. Ohio South-Western Cengage Learning. Dennison consulting, (2007, Jun). JetBlue Airways & Organizational Development Partners for Change. Retrieved from http//www.denisonconsulting.com/Libraries/Resources/CS-2007-JetBlue-System-Operations.sflb.ashx JetBlue Airways, (2011, June). JetBlue Awarded Seventh Consecutive Customer Satisfaction J.D. Power and Associates Honor. Retrieved from http//blog.jetblue.com/index.php/2011/06/08/jetblue-awarded-seventh-consecutive-customer-satisfaction-j-d-power-and-associates-honor/ Mitchell, R.C., (2006, July). Model o f the Organization Development Process. Retrieved from http//www.csun.edu/hfmgt001/odmodel.htm Kabra, R., (2006, September). pure(a) Atlantic Gap Analysis. Retrieved from http//www.managementparadise.com/forums/public-relations-management/6928-virgin-atlantic-gap-analysis.html Lunenberg, F. C., (2010, November). Organizational Development Implementing Planned Change. Retrieved from http//www.nationalforum.com/Electronic%20Journal%20Volumes/Lunenburg,%20Fred%20C.%20Organizational%20Development%20Implementing%20Planned%20Change%20IJMBA,%20V13%20N1%202010.pdf