Can Classical and Operant Conditioning Account for the Development of Phobias?

Can unsullied and operant conditioning account for the ontogeny of phobias? Classical conditioning involves pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus then produces a conditioned response. Operant conditioning then refers to associations between the response and the outcome. The following essay will examine evidence supporting classical and operant conditioning as a cause of phobias.Other theories, much(prenominal) as biological and evolutionary, will also be taken into account, as conditioning theory is criticised for a number of reasons. Psychologists bedevil suggested phobias develop as a consequence of conditioning, and many phobics can remember a specific chronological succession which caused the onset of their phobia (Freud, 1909 Ost and Hugdahl, 1981). However, research suggests it is not necessary for a specific episode to occur to change behaviour. Kirsch et al (2004) studied rats in a maze.They were left to explore before f ood was introduced, at which point errors in the rats route finished the maze were reduced significantly. This suggests the rats learned to navigate when they were not reinforced for learning, and they formed cognitive maps without reinforcement. This evidence of latent learning suggests learning can occur without classical conditioning. Davey (1992) also found many phobics do not remember a particular aversive conditioning episode, claiming they have had their phobia since they could remember.This suggests their phobia may have developed without conditioning. Instead there may be, for example, a biological aspect of developing phobias. There are certain phobias, such as for snakes and spiders, which are to a greater extent common than others. Mineka and Ohman (2002) suggested primates and humans can quickly associate these objects with stimulate events because they have evolved to do so these objects posed a threat to their ancestors.To support this evoluntionary theory, wee and Mineka (1989) exposed monkeys to various objects, and found they easily acquired new terrors of toy snakes and crocodiles, but did not develop fears of flowers. They suggested this is because they had no prior exposure to flowers in a frightening episode. While this research may still suggest conditioning theory is a factor in the development of phobias, as the primates still learnt to fear the object, evolution may also be a factor of phobia development.